Essay on George Orwells Animal Farm - 569 Words

I personally thought animal farm was a really good book. It was a simple, easy to read story. The analysis of this book is pretty easy to figure out. Animal farm represents Communism in Russia and it is just being retold in his book by farm animals. Every part of Joseph Sterlings rise to power is in this book. The Russian Revolution represents the animals overthrowing Mr. Jones. Old Major (a boar) gathers the animals of the manor farm together for a meeting in the barn. He tells all of them of the dream he had. That all animals lived together in a community with no humans to take control of them. He tells them that they must work towards this paradise and teaches them a song called Beasts of England in which his dram was described.†¦show more content†¦At the meeting to vote on whether to build the windmill, Snowball gives a passionate speech that seems to have won the day. But Napoleon gives a strange signal and nine attack dogs-the puppies Napoleon has been educating-burst in to the barn and attack Snowball, chasing him from the farm. Napoleon becomes the leader of Animal Farm, and declares that there will be no more meetings, from now on, the pigs will make all the decisions in private-for everyones best interest. Napoleon changes his mind about the windmill, and the animals, especially Boxer, devote their efforts to completing it. After a storm one night, the windmill is found toppled. Them human farmers in the area declare smugly that the animals made the walls too thin, but Napoleon claims that Snowball returned to the farm to sabotage the windmill. He stages a great purge during which an animal found to be in Snowballs great conspiracy-meaning any animal who opposes Napoleons uncontested leadership-is killed by the dogs. His leadership unquestioned (Boxer makes Napoleon is always right his second maxim), Napoleon begins to act more and more like a human being-sleeping in a bed, drinking whisky, and engaging in trade with neighboring farmers. His propagandist, the pig Squealer, justifies every action to the common animals, , convincing them that Napoleon is a great leader-this despite the fact that they are cold, hungry, overworked and miserable. Mr. Frederick, a neighboringShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm701 Words   |  3 Pageswith what he was told. George Orwell’s Animal Farm is about Manor Farm that is seized by its maltreated animals that set up their own government in the now renamed â€Å"Animal Farm†. There are many animals on this farm, including Benjamin, a donkey who is quite old, Clover, a horse who is not very bright, and the two main leaders, pigs named Napoleon and Snowball. Napoleon and Snowball create this new government with seven commandments, the last commandant being that â€Å"All animals are equal†. But when NapoleonRead MoreGeorge Orwells Animal Farm Essays2826 Words   |  12 PagesGeorge Orwell includes a strong message in his novel Animal Farm that is easily recognizable. Orwell’s Animal Farm focuses on two primary problems that were not only prominent in his WWII society, but also posed as reoccurring issues in all societies past and present. O rwell’s novel delivers a strong political message about class structure and oppression from the patriarchal society through an allegory of a farm that closely resembles the Soviet Union. George Orwell wrote Animal Farm: A Fairy StoryRead MoreElements in George Orwells Animal Farm861 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm, written by George Orwell, depicts a group of animals who plot to destroy their master, Mr. Jones. The oldest and wisest pig on the farm, Old Major, told the other animals a story about a revolt called, The Rebellion. The pigs, which were considered to be the most intelligent of all the animals, devised a plan and successfully conquered Manor Farm. The animals ran the farm effectively, with the pigs overseeing and constantly developing new ideas. One pig, Snowball, was in favorRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm1142 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it,† said Spanish philosopher George Santayana. This brilliant message shows to be present in George Orwell’s satirical novel Animal Farm. In this book, Orwell uses farm animals to illustrate the true nature of the communist S oviet Union under Joseph Stalin. There are many examples in this book and in real life that show the truth of aforementioned Santayana’s statement, for if one does not remember the past, they are only allowing it toRead MoreGeorge Orwells 1984 And Animal Farm1994 Words   |  8 Pages George Orwell’s 1984 and Animal Farm share a very important theme and common elements that shape the idea of an Orwellian society. Orwellian is widely described as a society in which the liberties of all are diminished due to powerful rule. Orwell conveys the theme of â€Å"Many believe that man’s actions result from his free will, the presentation/perception of what is fact, remains dominant over society s actions.† through parallel elements of repression of information, fear propaganda, and languageRead MoreGeorge Orwells Animal Farm582 Words   |  2 PagesElie Wiesel in Night and Snowball from Animal Farm are very similar characters because they were victimized by t yrants and used as scapegoats, but they are also unique and individual characters because Elie knew he was being taken advantage of and Snowball did not. Animal Farm is written by George Orwell, and it is about a farm of animals that take over the farm. Napoleon, a large pig, slowly takes away food and supplies from the other animals until he starts walking on two feet and becomes a â€Å"humanRead More George Orwells Animal Farm Essay2355 Words   |  10 PagesGeorge Orwells Animal Farm Mollie- Represents the rich and noble of Russia at the time (esp. the Czar and his family). Those who fled Revolutionist Russia, because they had had a better life beforehand, and were un-willing to accept change. The messages that Orwell is trying to express through Mollie are directly opposite to the actions which are displayed through Benjamin. Although they were both unwilling to accept change, their actions were very different. The message that OrwellRead More Messages of George Orwells Animal Farm Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesMessages of George Orwells Animal Farm Though Animal Farm can be considered nothing more than a charming animal fable depicting a doomed rebellion, its origin is actually of a more serious and political nature. It is not only the tale of Napoleon and Animal Farm, but a satire and commentary on that of the Russian Revolution, Stalin and Communism. For a person to gain a true understanding of Orwells meaning in Animal Farm, it is best that he or she has an understanding of the political partiesRead More The Warnings in George Orwells Animal Farm Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwells Animal Farm George Orwells goal in writing the novel Animal Farm was to portray the events surrounding the Russian revolution that took place in 1917. Orwells tale of Animal Farm is seemingly a story of how a group of farmyard animals plot to overthrow their owner and seize control of the land. The novel seems to be a simple story, however Orwell wrote this book as an allegory, a story that has a clear secondary meaning beneath is literal sense. Everything in Animal Farm isRead MoreThe Power Of Power In George Orwells Animal Farm764 Words   |  4 Pages133). In George Orwells allegorical novella Animal Farm, a successful rebellion, was held against the Mr. Jones (the farm owner), as he mistreated the animals. After the expulsion of Mr. Jones, the farm lacked a figure of authority, so the pigs stepped up to that position as they were the most literate and the cleverest among the animals. Slowly it progressed to a state where the pigs had absolute power over the lives of the animals and the farm . Which led to a situation where the animals had to agree

Can Nine Minimum Criteria Be Used for a Democracy in Yemen...

Schmitter and Karl (1991) listed Robert Dahls seven minimum criteria for a political democracy and developed two of their own (p. 247). Most of the nine criteria, if not all, are irrelevant in my assigned countries, since both my assigned countries are non-democratic. Criteria one gives elected officials constitutional power to make policy. Under this criteria, Yemen and Saudi both differ. Saudi Arabia has a Shura council, which is an advisory body, but they do not enact and enforce laws, only the King can. In Yemen, there are elected officials and a parliament; however, the power they have is also limited. The second criteria guarantees fair elections with no coercion. In both countries, one cannot safely say that elections are†¦show more content†¦Criteria seven is difficult to analyze, this criteria is the right of citizens to form and be part of groups or assemblies, and to organize and be part of organizations. Both countries claim that they have a pluralistic pol itical system, and that many parties are allowed to organize and be part of the political system. However, many reports show that this might not necessarily be true. Saudi Arabia and Yemen are very influenced by Islamic law; thus, liberal or secular political parties are naturally suppressed. However, when it comes to the private business sector, Saudi Arabia seems to be more flexible. The country has private schools, private hospitals, and private pharmacies. For example, the Saudi German hospital in Jeddah, which is one of the best private hospitals not just in the country by also in the region (International Hospitals Construction Co. Ltd. [IHCC], n.d.). Moreover, Saudi Arabia has multiple private schools, such as the American International School in the capital Riyadh (U.S. Department of State, n.d.). These organizations are allowed to function with considerable flexibility within the country. Yemen also has a developing private sector. Recently a group of NGOs as well as government representatives organized a meeting in Saudi to discuss the private sector as well the humanitarian situation inShow MoreRelatedDoing Business in the Asia/Pacific Rim Region31325 Words   |  126 Pagesdevelopment capacity †¢ Unlikely to proceed without some form of investment incentive †¢ Viable in the long-term without subsidy †¢ Complementary to Australia’s areas of competitive advantage †¢ Consistent with Australia’s international obligations. Incentives can be in the form of taxable grants, tax relief, tax deduction or the provision of infrastructure services at discounted rates. Through Invest Australia’s Regional Headquarters (RHQ) program the Federal Government also offers special incentives to encourage

Israel And Syria Essay Example For Students

Israel And Syria Essay The Struggle For Peace in the Middle East Continues The Golan region, whichlies between Israel and Syria, has been a place of much heated contention formany years. While the Middle East does seem in constant disarray, recent reportsare showing that Syrian people are not worried over the recent delays in peacetalks. Certain things are for sure though: Israel realizes it must return toSyria some of the Golan region, which it has controlled since the 1967occupation took place during the Six-Day War. Under recent United Statessponsorship, talks have only one month ago resumed and are still stalled for themoment, but it appears that both Israelis and Syrians are prospective that anagreement will be reached. It seems that the areas inhabitants are movingfrom warring to negotiating. The Golan Heights could be described as a desolateyet scenic stretch of land. The state of Israel was officially established in1948 with a northeastern border enveloping the Sea of Galilee and shadowing theweste rn edge of The Golan, a steep ridge belonging at the time to neighborSyria. The Golan Heights is about a 460 square mile area that is now occupied bysome 17,000 Israelis and nearly the same number of Syrian Druze who have nevergiven up their nationality. In 1995, Israel led many to believe that they wouldwithdraw from Golan in exchange for peace agreements and specific securityarrangements. The United States, realizing an opportunity to further stabilizethe situation in the Middle East in the interests of the world economy, haveceded a certain compromising attitude with Syria. Contrary to past relations,Syria has hailed the U.S. efforts at the negotiation table, citing the U.S. asbehaving less like a mediator and more like a partner with each of the disputingparties. I believe it shows that the U.S. recognizes the strife endured by theSyrians in the loss of this territory even though it happened over thirty yearsago. The Syrian government-controlled media has duly noted the recent A mericanactions. Syria has long awaited the chance to more directly enlist the U.S. government in resolving the issues. One Syrian media official commented, Inour political view, this means the U.S.A. is serious about reaffirming itscommitment to achieve a comprehensive and just peace. This is an example ofthe U.S. admitting its belief that Israel must give some to get some, even if itmeans giving something important back to once vehement enemies. Some of theissues at hand, on a more local level, include Syrian requirements for awithdrawal of Israel forces occupying southern Lebanon by July 7 of this year. Syria itself has 35,000 troops stationed in Lebanon. If forced to withdraw fromLebanon and the Golan region, Israel demands that Syrian support for themilitant Shiite Muslim group Hezbollah cease immediately. Northern Israel hasbeen subject to a multitude of attacks by Lebanese Hezbollah, including bombingsand rocket attacks. In addition to more peaceful relations, Israel is expectinga more diplomatic relation with Syria in an attempt to avoid a ?cold peacesituation. Finally, there is the issue of the Sea of Galilee and who will retaincontrol over the major water supply in the region. Many countries suffer fromcyclical water shortages and Israel wants a guarantee that no interference withthe sea and the Jordan River system will occur once withdrawn from the GolanHeights. With so much at stake, proper security will be required to oversee thephased withdrawal. Recently, Israel opted for a proposed early-warning radarsystem to be built in the Golan, and Syria has agreed to this so long asAmerican civilians man the site. Trade agreements are also at stake between thedisputing countries, as well as border control and movement across the restatedborder. This ever-evolving situation is a perfect example of how a relativelytiny stretch of land can affect the global peace process. To the people directlyinvolved, who live in the area, its all a matter of what government loyaltiesgo to, and pursuit of a way of life. Peace in this region though, could be astepping-stone toward ending a seemingly eternal struggle between the Arab andJewish populations occupying the region.

Psyched out Essay Example For Students

Psyched out Essay Seattles Alice B. calls itself a gay and lesbian theatre for all people. Nothing the group has produced in its nine-year history better exemplifies what that phrase might mean than Sub Rosa. Sub Rosa started out with writer-director Nikki Appinos desire to explore the material and atmosphere of German cabaret between the World Wars, and the show that closed Alice B.s 1992-93 season in June still exhibited faint suggestions of that notion: The shabby interior of the Pioneer Square Theater was got up like a grotty basement after-hours club, and there was enough eye-shadow and leather on the boys and girls strolling among the cafe tables to satisfy a Bob Fosse, if not a Reza Abdoh. But from the first slashing notes of Jim Raglands score and the first blizzard of projected images and texts across Dan Corsons constructivist set, Sub Rosa all but abandoned the much-trodden ground of 20s Weimar for a far deeper dig: down to the very roots of Western secular mysticism. The tale of the love of Cupid and Psychethe narrative to which Sub Rosa anchored its excavationfirst turns up embedded in the florid second-century Latin of Apuleius Golden Ass. Anthropologists say that the story of the three princess sisters, a mysterious nocturnal bridegroom and terrible trials leading to a happy ending is the oldest example of pure folktale in the Indo-European tradition. By Apuleius time, the fable had accumulated five centuries worth of philosophical baggage, with the final wedding of Cupid (Eros) and Psyche (Soul) representing the mystical union of spirit and flesh as envisioned by the later followers of Plato. Neo-Platonism pervades the Jewish Cabbala, the musings of medieval Muslim clerics, the output of Renaissance thinkers like Pico della Mirandola and Renaissance painters like Botticelli (his Primavera is neo-Platonist allegory throughout). But when Latin ceased to be the universal language of the West, the West lost access to its native non-Christian mystical tradition. In Sub Rosa, Nikki Appino and co-writer-director Kristen Newbom put us back directly in touch with these lost mythic roots, and the sizzle of understanding is immediate and electric. Amphetamine vaudeville At first it seems there must be some point to the role of Venus (Cupids mom) being played in slenderly sinuous beaded-scarlet drag by Christopher Johnson, while spunky, randy Cupid is rendered by a boyish but unmistakably feminine Alyce LaTourelle. Only when the shows over does ones spinning brain have leisure to realize that the cross-gender casting doesnt matteror rather that it matters only because it doesnt matter. The searching soul at the center of this story may be embodied by the amply feminine Amy Perry, but it doesnt have a gender. Stage evocations of deep myth tend to be solemn even when not somnolent. But Sub Rosa moves like an amphetamine vaudeville, keeping the surface playful and trusting its audience to make the deep connections. Perry plays Psyche (Kitty in this version) as Marilyn-through-the-looking-glass. As both her wicked sisters simultaneously, Sarah Harlet turns raging schizophrenia to theatrical account. Bodies fly from high platforms to flop on mattresses in the audiences lap, turn to shadow puppets shriveling and inflating on a moving screen, clamber, gallop, mince, strut. Seashells turn telephone, a fish-tank bursts into flame: Hellzapoppin with a higher purpose. The narrative rush is relieved from time to time by meditative episodes that seem almost overheard, messages from altogether elsewhere. In form theyre letters, between one Miss Spoon (Johnson again) and a Mr. Knife (John Holyoke, who also plays the the General, Miss Kittys Zeust-the-Thunder father). In contrast to the bulk of the show, on-the-razzle and in-your-face, these letters are almost repressed in tone, and all the more passionately felt for that fact. Its as if two wartime lovers, divided by half the world and the censor, are trying to convey all their carnal longing through the dry medium of everyday words. In the last moments of the play, the two worlds, of Knife and Spoon, of soul and flesh, come together in a shadow image of a power far beyond words. .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .postImageUrl , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:hover , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:visited , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:active { border:0!important; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:active , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Not in Front of the Audience: Homosexuality on Stage EssayMounted on a vestigial budget, Sub Rosa looked like a million. It came together almost entirely in the rehearsal hall, with its technical and visual overlay created to fit what came out of workshop, not, as usual, the other way around. Irreverent and breathless There have been precedents for this kind of theatrically adventurous work at Alice B.: Rick Rankins deconstruction of American history Louisiana Purchase in 1988, and the plotless exploration of the links between the sexual dominance and political violence in Governing Bodies of 1989, both directed by Rankins Alice B. co-founder Susan Finque. But the most inspiring thing about Sub Rosa was the way it transcended the usual boundaries of gay theatre without compromising the companys essential mission. In its wild, irreverent and breathless way, Sub Rosa sprang from the same impulses as Platos Symposium. And perhaps the comparison is less far-fetched than it appears: After all, Plato disguised his profound exploration of the multivalent mystery of love as a record of a drunken dinner-party.

Compare and Contrast of Macbeth Essay Example

Compare and Contrast of Macbeth Paper Behavior of Macbeth Macbeth was not always the cold-blooded killer that one may depict in the later acts of Macbeth. At the start of the play, Macbeth could be described as a loyal hero who aimed at serving his king. However, when Macbeth came across the opportunity to seize the throne, he capitalized on it. After killing the king Macbeth changes personality and becomes extremely paranoid. I believe if Macbeth would have stayed loyal and respected the king, Scotland would have stayed peaceful. Macbeth murdered King Duncan in order to fulfill his prophecy of being king, as the witches informed him. Another detail of the prophecy to consider is Banquds future. The witches say to him Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none, meaning, mfou will never be King of Scotland, but your descendants will. Macbeth takes a mental note of this statement and the Jealousy eats away at his morals. Due to Macbeths paranoia after killing King Duncan, he makes a rash decision and sends wo murderers to seek out Banquo and his son. Although Banquds son, Fleance, escapes, the murderers execute Banquo. The paranoia of Macbeth becomes more noticeable as the play progresses, an example being the banquet scene at his residence. He has uncontrolled outbursts alarming all of the guests present at his home. Macbeth becomes unstable and is not able to continue with the dinner. He would have never acted in such a way had he not murdered King Duncan and Banquo. Macduff beheads Macbeth, seeking revenge or the murders of his wife and children, after Macbeth defeats Young Siward in battle. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast of Macbeth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast of Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast of Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Malcolm is crowned King of Scotland after Macbeth is overthrown. Shortly after, Malcolm begins to feel like a target to his Jealous brother, Donalbain. Malcolm takes action and executes his own brother. Worried that his decision may be questioned, Malcolm recruits two murderers and sends them to kill anyone who raises suspicion. Scotland falls into shambles as the newly crowned king follows in the footsteps of Macbeth. Scotland is described as a peaceful land while the well-respected King Duncan reigned. However, the murder of King Duncan can be directly related to the fall of Scotland. Before learning of the Kings death, Lennox predicts the upcoming disorder, signified by nature. Scotland is thrown into a state of upheaval as Macbeth reins king. Consider the circumstance that Lady Macbeth did not push Macbeth into committing the murder. I believe that Scotland remains serene under the rule of King Duncan. Compare and Contrast of Macbeth By tonydz24

John Donne Poetry Essay Example

John Donne Poetry Essay Example John Donne Poetry Essay John Donne Poetry Essay Essay Topic: Donne Poems JOHN DONNE, we sometimes forget, was an Elizabethan. Scholars do well to warn us against over-simplifying the pattern of literary change into a simple succession ofmovements and reactions, and to remind us that in periods of heightened vitality developments in different directions often exist side by side. 1 By no means all of what we now consider typically Elizabethan poetry was in existence when Donne began to write. It remains true, nevertheless, that Donne chose to do something different from his predecessors and from those of his contemporaries who were still exploiting and developing the existing modes; and younger followers like. Carew looked back on this choice as revolt or form: The Muses garden with Pedantique weedes Orspred, was purgd by thee; The lazie seeds Ofservile imitation throwne away And fresh invention planted . An Elegit upon the death of the Deane of Pauls, DrJohn Donne Modem students ofrhetoric have argued that Donnes innovations did not run counter to contemporary rules,2 but even if he is to be regarded as implementing existing theoretical possibilities, his practice remains the kind ofnew departure which marks a decisive alteration in the course of literary history. In considering the nature of Donnes poetic originality, it is common to begin with his development of the metaphysical conceit. Yet there is a great deal to say on the subject ofhis verse style before broaching the topic of imagery at all. The first point likely to strike the reader who comes to Donne from the smooth fluency of the average Elizabethan lyric or sonnet is the surprising directness of the speaking voice conveyed by his rhythms and diction: For Godsake hold your tongue, and let me love, Or chide my palsie, or my gout, My five gray haires, or ruind fortune ? lout, 98 THE POEMS OF JOHN DONNE With wealth your state, your minde with Arts improve. Take you a course, get you a place, Observe his honour, or his grace, Or the Kings reall, or his stamped face Contemplate, what you will, approve, So you will let me love. The Canonization Here the occasional inversions of normal speeeh-order and the fact that line 4 by itself might come from an eighteenth-century couplet hardly affect our general impression that technique and conception are essentially dramatic; the colloquial outburst of line I, the heavy stresses on palsie and gout, the contemptuous alliteration ofline 3, above all the play of an exasperated splutter of short phrases across the intricate stanza form, all impose on the reader the desired emphasis, tone, and mood. Plainly the aim here is not sweetness, grace, or verbal melody, either for its own sake or to accommodate any pQSoO sible musician who, as Donne complains in The Triple Poole, his art and voice to show Doth Set and sing my paine. It is rather a realistic expressiveness of the kind developed in the I590S by the dramatists, above all by Shakespeare, and nothing quite like it had previously appeared in lyric poetry,s in spite of certain foreshadowings in Wyatt. As in dramatic verse, the aim of realism is, of course, not absolute; whatever metrical licences are taken, the pattern ofline and stanza remains, to reinforce, modify, or generally play against the rhythms of speech with the effects of heightened intensity and concentration proper to poetry. When we speak of realistic expressiveness we use a shorthand term for the maximum of realistic expressiveness compatible with a sense of artistic form. Donnes lyrics have a music of their own, though the immediate effect is of vivid speech rather than song: Deare love, for nothing lesse than thee Would I have broke this happy dreame, It was a theame For reason, much too strong for phantasie, Therefore thou wakdst me wisely; yet 99 PART THRBB My Dreame thou brokst not, but continuedst it, Thou art so truth, that thoughts of thee suffice, To make dreams truths; and fables histories; Enter these armes, for since thou thoughtst it best, Not to dreame all my dreame, lets act the rest. The Dreame That Donne could write with a simple lyrical sweetness when he chose is shown by one or two songs to existing airs, especially Sweetest love, I do not goe, For weariness of thee, though even here his originality comes out in the careful subtlety of the poems argument. He was a conscious artist, and his avoidance of conventional fluency of movement and courtliness of diction must be assumed to be deliberate. As with the lyric stanza, so in his satires and degies with the couplet, Donne makes use oflicences similar to those ofdramatic blank verse. Always the formal devices ofpoetry metre, rhyme, alliteration, and other effects of sound are made to serve an expressive purpose; a constant control of pause, stress, and tempo works to the same end.

Are women treated fairly in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Are women treated fairly in the workplace - Essay Example No matter up to what extent the women are given freedom and the issue of gender discrimination is addressed, women will always have to face gender inequality. Women working in offices have to face a number of problems and issues particularly relating to the wages and job promotions (DeLaat, 1999). The women working in offices claimed that although they work equally as men but they were not given equal pays and privileges like their men counterparts. Many surveys have been conducted in order to find out what women feel regarding their treatment in various workplaces and the conclusion of nearly all the surveys was same, which was that the women felt that they were not being given equal rights, facilities and favors as the men in the same position were being given (Samuels, 1995). The European commission also declared that although much effort has been made to eliminate gender discrimination but women have not being given the equal status as men in the work market. It was also said that although the women work equally as the men, and in fact in some cases the women end up doing more work than men in the same positions, but women’s work is less valued and is not much appreciated. It is generally considered that women are only capable of doing jobs which are related to care, hospitality, cleaning and social working. Women are usually not hired on managerial positions and other higher posts in the office because it is a general perception that women cannot do such jobs efficiently. Although women have a number of other duties to oblige to apart from work, yet the women put in all their efforts to produce the best work but still it is thought that the women are not able to produce efficient results for the concerned companies (Bradley, 1999). It can be summed up to say that in majority of the cases the women feel that they are not being equally treated and are not being given the same accommodation and convenience as their male

MGMT499 U4 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT499 U4 DB - Research Paper Example Proper management is also essential in enhancing business success (Wright, 2014). Apple Inc. has embraced proper management through teamwork in order to increase their sale capacity. Through their dedicated teamwork, Apple Inc. has become a leading company in the world. Increase in the cost of acquiring new and innovative technology is a major event that could cause a negative impact to the company. Increase in the production cost leads to a decrease in the profit margin. Low-profit margin is a major factor that affects business success (Long, 2014). If there is a negative effect due to the high cost of purchasing innovative technology, the company can respond through increasing the price of their products. Change in leadership is another event that could happen leading to a negative impact to the company. Vertical form of leadership prevents teamwork in the company. In this case, subordinate employees are denied chances to engage in decision-making processes of the company. This approach lowers the capacity of the company to become successful. If there is a negative impact due to lack of teamwork, the company can allow workers to engage in decision-making in order to enhance business success. Teamwork allows the company to change it strategies in order to acquire higher market share. Staff members in the company participate in the production of high-quality product and offering standard services, which boost their success (Long, 2014). Wright, F. (2014). Factors Impacting on Business Success. Retrieved September 17, 2014, from Entrepreneur:

The End of the Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The End of the Vietnam War - Essay Example Nixon declared in 1969 that he would prolong the American involvement in the Vietnam War, in order to conclude the conflict and acquire â€Å"peace with honor† for the United States and for its partner, South Vietnam (U.S. Department of State, no date). Nixon defined his policy as â€Å"Vietnamization,† where the South Vietnamese aimed to attain greater combat functions, as Americans slowly withdrew from Vietnam (Simon, 2002). Vietnamization needed time, however, and to buy time, Nixon convinced the American public that the war had to be extended to attain peace. His popular vote margin in the 1968 election was â€Å"razor thin,† but to his advantage, the Democratic coalition was devastated in 1968 and political opportunities abounded (Simon, 2002). The administration maximized these opportunities through a â€Å"politics of polarization,† where they tapped the â€Å"silent majority,† while trying to isolate opponents and categorize them as differen t forms of extremists (Simon, 2002). This included defining the efforts of the anti-war movement in negative ways and maligning the media, whose role in influencing the support for the war had increased. America prolonged the war through bombing North Vietnam after failed negotiations efforts. Communist North Vietnam's leaders believed that they had time enough to delay the negotiations, which they did. In March 1972, they tried to sidestep negotiations altogether with a full-scale incursion of the South (U.S. Department of State, no date). The United States called it as the Easter Offensive and the North Vietnamese seemed to win. By late summer, nonetheless, Nixon's used American air power to dent the offensive. In response to this air power, the North Vietnamese started to negotiate once more (U.S. Department of State, no date). In early October, American and North Vietnamese representatives had a meeting in Paris. By October 11, they generated a peace agreement. The key component s included a cease-fire in place 24 hours after signing the agreement; U.S. forces and all foreign troops would pull out from South Vietnam no later than 60 days after signing the agreement; and American prisoners would be released concurrently with the pulling out of American and foreign forces. On October 22, South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu stopped the talks. He did not support the cease-fire agreement, because it left thousands of North Vietnamese soldiers in South Vietnam, who could strategically continue the war, as the Americans departed (U.S. Department of State, no date). To get Thieu’s support, the Americans restarted negotiations with the North Vietnamese. The North Vietnamese got offended and negotiated other issues too and by December, the talks caved in. The War Raged On Nixon argued that with failed diplomacy, only force can be used to force Hanoi to negotiate with the United States. The President instructed his military commanders to mine Haiphong H arbor and to begin a nonstop air campaign in the Hanoi-Haiphong region. On December 26, the North Vietnamese decided to renegotiate with the U.S. on early January. On January 1973, the Americans and North Vietnamese reached a settlement and all parties signed the final agreement in Paris on January 27. America, however, was the only one who

Syntactical Structure Of The Language Of Law

Syntactical Structure Of The Language Of Law 1. Introduction Legal language. Once an almost magical language of words of stipulation and oaths that should have impressed its subjects and submit them in awe to its absolute obedience. Now, it may be said that the awe has disappeared, but the magic of the language of the law somehow persists, mainly due to its so called vices unintelligibility or wordiness. Everyday situations and relationships are governed by law whether people like it or not. Legal positivism argues that all our actions are covered by law (i.e. legislation, legal principles derived from judicial decisions in Common Law, or contracts) based on the principle that what is not prohibited by the law is permitted (see for example Weinberger 1995). Making pirouettes on the roof of my house every day at five oclock in the morning would be considered ‘legal because there is no law prohibiting such an activity. But let me present a less absurd example. Even by getting on the bus, though not in writing, individuals conclude a contr act with the transportation agency. In every tram or bus a list of business terms can be found an official-looking piece of paper divided in articles, sections or paragraphs, full of rights and obligations of the transporter as well as the customer. The society is inter-bound by an enormous number of agreements, arrangements and contracts, stating or implying rights and duties of its parties. To give them the mark of formality, to regulate them and to enforce them, there is the Law with its provisions. As the main functions of the law are the performative and normative (Cao 2007, 13-15), it is necessary for law to be able to communicate its norms to their addresses. This happens through language. In everyday situations, the Law and the language of its norms, regulations and laws priests lawyers are still somewhere near. Internationalisation of society has brought closer contacts among foreign countries in various aspects. Legal relationships are one of them. The European Union as well as the states themselves produce a large amount of legislation with which the companies and individuals have to deal. Still, an important part of legal relationships is carried out by means of ‘private regulations set by bi- or multi-lateral contracts by the individuals themselves (within a given legal context). Therefore, translating these contracts becomes a big issue and the main activity of numerous translation agencies. Nowadays, English is the Latin of today. It is the main language of international trade and commerce. It is not only the language of contracts when one of their parties comes from an English-speaking environment but even when no native English-speaking party is involved. Although in certain cases English serves as the ‘neutral language of legal agreements, the general understanding of English is not at such a level that they would not need to be translated to peoples mother tongues. Apart from that, legal English and ordinary English are not identical languages (Gubby 2007, 9) and the mastery of ordinary English does not mean a mastery of legal English. This thesis deals with the characteristics of legal Czech and legal English within their legal environments and problems of translation between them. The first part (Chapters 2, 3 and 4) introduces the legal language in general and analyzes the specifics of legal Czech and legal English. Chapter 5 deals with the translation of legal texts and sources of difficulties in legal translation. The second part of this thesis focuses on contracts a sub-genre of legal texts. Chapter 6 defines the place of contracts among other legal texts and deals with the stylistic specifics of contracts in general. Chapter 7 introduces and analyzes the experiment. The experiment is based on an analysis of translations of contracts by translation agencies who advertise their competence in legal translation. It seeks to find out what the general quality of their translation is and what the main problematic points are: whether it is the understanding of the text in general, finding suitable translational sol ution of the concepts or the style or understandability of the TL text. I expect the translation agencies to have problems with finding accurate translation solutions for some of the system-bound concepts, but I expect the translations to be accurate regarding the translation of the actual rights and obligations. Concrete hypotheses follow in Chapter 7. 2. Legal Language Legal language is not a language of everyday use by a population (unless, with a degree of understatement we want to call lawyers a population of a kind). It is a specialized language of legal norms and related discourse. Its distinctiveness may be seen in a number of characteristics that differentiate it from the language of ordinary use. But, there is no universal language of law that would be comprehensible to all languages. Law is a system that is bound to a particular state or organization. Language of law, its words, syntactic structure and concepts are closely related to the legal system in question. The relationship between the language and the law is mutual: the legal system influences the nature of the legal language and the legal language the language of the legal discourse influences the system. The speech of lawyers is conditioned not by the law alone, but also by the prevailing language of their environment (Mellinkoff 1963, 4). Language of law is a system- and culture-bound language for special purposes. This does not mean that the language of law is completely detached from the ordinary language. Most of its words are taken from the ordinary language. On the other hand, legal language influences everyday speech and many of its originally technical terms are now accepted as common. Mellinkoff (1963, 9) gives the examples of plaintiff or defendant in English; the same holds for the Czech sml ouva (contract) or zà ¡stava(pawn). In making generalizations about the language of law for the purpose of this thesis, the characteristics will be drawn from those of legal Czech and legal English. The legal systems in which these technical languages originated belong to different legal system families: English law (i.e. the law of England) is a part of the common law family whereas the Czech law is a member of the civil law family. 2.1 The Nature of Legal Language Cao (2007, 13-20) classifies legal language with respect to the nature of its use that can be described as normative, performative and technical. Normative The Language of law is used to impose rights and obligations; it is largely prescriptive. Laws basic function is to regulate human behaviour and human relations. Law exists as a set of prescriptions having the form of imperatives defining and enforcing the arrangements, relationships, procedures and patterns of behaviour that are to be followed in a society (Cao 2007, 12, quoting Jenkins 1980, 98). Legal language serves to communicate the legal norms to their addressees. Performative The speech act theory developed by J. L. Austin and J. R. Searle makes language responsible for effects in reality. Speech is not only words but also actions. By uttering certain words, we the facts may be changed. Legal effects and legal consequences are commonly obtained by merely uttering certain words (Cao 2007, 14), for example in a courts judgement or in front of a clerk or a priest during the marriage ceremony. Technical The question of technicality of legal language is not perceived consistently. One position argues that there is no legal language as such and it is a part of the ordinary language. The other holds that legal language is a technical language. If the latter view is accepted, what makes the language of law different from other types of language use?   The chief differences may be discussed in relation to the following aspects: speakers stylistic differences specific vocabulary terminology issues syntactic structures 2.2 Speakers The language of law is a language of legal norms and related discourse. The language of legal norms is that of legislation, judicial decisions or contracts. It is said that it is the language created and used specifically by lawyers. Although the lawyers form the core of the language-of-law-speaking community, legislation, for example, is influenced by people with no legal educational background, yet who adopt the legal terminology and expressions to a certain extent. Drawing on the situation in the civil law system, the circle of the legal language users may be described as follows: The legislators (the drafters who actually write the laws; members of the parliament, whose knowledge of all the terminology and concepts is not complete and sufficient but who try to sound as if it was), i.e. all those who create the laws in the written form and who have real influence on definitions of legal terms The judiciary (judges and people who influence the written judgements assistants to the judges or court clerks vyÃ…Â ¡Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ­ soudnà ­ à ºÃƒâ€¦Ã¢â€ž ¢ednà ­ci) The lawyers (when negotiating, giving speeches in court, drafting documents etc.; and when talking to one another) The circle of the law language speakers in common law systems is generally the same. The major difference is that the origins of certain terms and the evolution of the language are somewhat different due to the different sources of law (the main body of legal rules is to be found in judicial decisions not in legislation). The type of speaker influences the particular style of the legal language: there is a difference between the language of an Act of Parliament (or zà ¡kon) and the language used by lawyers when talking to one another about legal matters. Nevertheless, at times the language the lawyers use does not seem to resemble the language of legislation at all. Lawyers seem to have developed some linguistic quirks that have little communicative function, and serve mainly to mark them as members of the legal fraternity (Tiersma 1999, 51).   2.3 Style Language of law is said to be purposive and pragmatic (Knapp 1995, 122). Its style is therefore governed by these characters. There have been numerous attempts on defining ‘style. One of them was made by Vilà ©m Mathesius. He defines style as â€Å"individual, unifying character found to be present in any work resulting from intentional activity† (Vachek 1974, 114). Legal style refers to the linguistic aspects of the written legal language and also to the way in which legal problems are approached, managed and solved (Cao 2007, 22, quoting Smith 1995, 190). The style of the language of law is one of the functional styles. It is said to be marked and sometimes described as being a sub-style and the most typical specimen of the officialese style, the style of official documents (Vachek 1974, 187). On the other hand, in the last decades there have been authors who believed the style of the language of law to be a separate functional style alongside other functional styles, the officialese, or administrative, being one of them. The style of the language of law can be described mainly with regard t o its syntactical structure and specific vocabulary. 2.3.1 Syntactical Structure of the Language of Law Vachek (1974, 188) describes the sentences in English legal texts to be long and complex, yet clearly built up, using various typographical devices of distributing phrases, division of the text into parallel paragraphs and capitalizing certain crucial points of the document. When describing the typical features of legal English, Tiersma (1999, 51-71) gives the following list of typical features which overlap with Vacheks description at some points: lengthy and complex sentences, unusual sentence structure, wordiness and redundancy, conjoined phrases, frequent use of negation and impersonal constructions. Cao (2007, 22) gives two general characteristics of the legal language: impersonal constructions and extensive use of declarative sentences pronouncing rights and obligations. Mellinkoff (1963, 285) argues that the language of law should not be different from the ordinary language without reason. For such differences, the following rationales are usually given: legal language is more precise, shorter, more intelligible and more durable. Of these arguments, precision seems to be the leading feature of the language of law that should give reason to all the other features which are sometimes said to be its vices. These syntactical features are further discussed in relation to legal English and legal Czech respectively. 2.3.2 Lexis The most important difference that sets off legal language from ordinary language is its lexicon. Legal language makes use of numerous words and terms that are not common in ordinary language or carry an additional meaning different from their ordinary meaning. Legal language utilizes vocabulary from standard language both in their ordinary meanings (the majority of legal language vocabulary) and specialized meanings. This second class of words may create confusion because in legal texts they may appear in both their meanings ordinary and specialized. Knapp (1978, 17-20) distinguishes the following groups of words: legal terms words with specific legal meaning and specific meaning in another specialized language words with both specific legal meaning and ordinary meaning words having specific legal meaning, specific meaning in another specialized language as well as ordinary meaning words with neutral meaning In his later writing, Knapp (1995, 122) describes legal lexis as follows: words with ordinary meaning words with both specific legal meaning and ordinary meaning specific legal vocabulary legal language does not use some of the words with ordinary meaning (e.g. beauty, darkness) To complete the enumeration of characteristics of legal language, Mellinkoff (1963, 11) gives the following characteristics of legal English terms: frequent use of common words with uncommon meanings; legal archaisms (words from Old and Middle English, Old French and Anglo-Norman); terms of art; argot; formal words; use of expressions with flexible meanings. 3. Legal English Because of the nature of law, the language of law has developed particular linguistic features lexical, syntactic and pragmatic to meet the demands of law and to accommodate the idiosyncrasies of law and its applications (Cao 2007, 20). Legal English style and lexicon originate in various languages: Anglo-Saxon, Latin and/or French. Legal language was originally oral; any writings served only as a report of the oral ceremony (Tiersma 1999, 36). It took quite a long time to accept the written texts as authoritative. Formbooks were written and their main effect was conservation of legal language, its terminology and phraseology. Although the ritualistic and the magical has disappeared from law, it has not disappeared from the language of law. The main vices of legal English are said to be its wordiness and excessive use of archaic words and constructions. In the last 50 years legal English underwent significant changes, mainly due to the Plain English Movement, but certain specifics persist. 3.1 Style Legal style results from cultural and legal traditions. Its chief characteristics are impersonality, extensive use of declarative sentences, negative and passive constructions. Mellinkoff (1963, 24) says the language of law has a strong tendency towards certain mannerisms such as being wordy, unclear, pompous and dull. Legal texts tend to use number of words instead of one (e.g. annul and set aside instead of annul;or totally null and void instead of void). Sometimes, they seem to contain a great part of text that seems to be devoid of meaning (as Mellinkoff puts it) such as using metaphors. Pomposity in the language of law may take many shapes especially by using words evoking respect (e.g. solemn, supreme, wisely). Pomposity and wordiness, together with long complex sentences and a lack of clarity of expression contribute to the dullness of the legal language. It has been already mentioned that the nature of legal language is among others performative. As Cao (2007, 21) writes, legal utterances perform acts, creating facts, rights and/or institutions: they are speech acts. Their performative nature may be marked by special words such as hereby and various performative verbs such as declare, undertake, promise etc. 3.1.2 Syntax Legal language is highly formal and impersonal. This is achieved by passive constructions, complex and long sentences, multiple negations and prepositional phrases (e.g. in what follows, by virtue of which). Legal English is full of archaisms and this tendency may be seen in the syntax as well. The old-fashioned syntax still makes the legal text dense, though mainly thanks to the Plain English Movement there can no longer be found grammatical archaisms like the old ‘-th endings (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 7) in legal texts. Slightly archaic tone is achieved by the use of certain prepositional phrases such as pursuant to (very often used in contracts) or subject to. A certain degree of sexism can also be found: e.g. judges calling judges of the same rank brethren. Although it is typical of legal language to consist of unusually long sentences, there is a specific area of it that is rather plain and surprisingly comprehensible. The first group is the syntax of statutes, contracts or pleadings; the second group is that of judicial summaries of particular facts of cases. Complexity of legal English documents may be seen in their layout, multiple subordination and postponement of the main verb until very late in the sentence (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 19). In legal texts such as statutes, contracts or handbooks containing procedural rules, many possible situations, factual scenarios and exceptions must be provided for (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 20) therefore the sentences are often conditional and contain hypothetical formulations. The illegibility of legal texts derives from the fact that originally legal texts were written from the far left side to the other side of the page to avoid the possibility of adding anything to the text. From this fact t he custom of avoiding punctuation is also derived: full stops, commas and semicolons may alter the meaning of the sentence. As Mellinkoff writes (1963, 367), lawyers are still reluctant to end a sentence, even though the old reasons for skimping punctuation are gone. 3.1.3 Lexis To deal with legal lexis it may be useful to systematize it. Alcaraz and Hughes (2002, 16-18) classify it as follows: 1. Functional items grammatical words and phrases that have no direct referents either in reality or conceptual; 2. Symbolic (or representational) items all the terms that refer to things or ideas in the world of reality. This group can be further divided into: purely technical terms, semi-technical terms and shared, common or â€Å"unmarked† vocabulary a) Purely technical terms: terms found exclusively in the legal sphere that have no application outside. They can be one-word terms (barrister) or whole phrases (bring an action). Some of the theorists argue that these terms are so closely related to the legal system that they cannot be translated, but only adapted. Therefore, a number of terms is often left untranslated (e.g. estoppel, trust) (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 17). b) Semi-technical or mixed terms: words or phrases that have acquired additional meaning in addition to their common meanings (issue, consideration). Their number is constantly growing to meet the developing needs of the society. c) Everyday vocabulary found in legal texts (paragraph, subject-matter). Legal English lexis especially the purely technical terms and semi-technical terms comes from various origins. Because legal English is a product of its history, various influences can be traced in contemporary legal language. The eldest part of the legal lexis is Anglo-Saxon such as bequeath, manslaughter, oath or writ.[2] Besides vocabulary, a typical Anglo-Saxon feature alliteration is to be found in legal English. Its usage is closely linked to the original magical nature of law but it can be still (and often) found in legal texts and seems to have acquired some kind of terminological value: rest, residue and remainder, to have and to hold, hold harmless etc. There are also Middle English words that nowadays survive only in legal language: aforesaid, thence, there- and here- words etc. (Mellinkoff 1963, 13). Despite the native origins of some of the most characteristic legal terms, legal English draws on numerous Latin or Latinized terms. There are dozens of phrases that still have their place in everyday legal discourse and because of their Roman Law origin they are often common to the Civil Law system as well (lex fori, bona fide, res iudicata, restitutio in integrum). Some of these phrases have their calque version that may be used alongside the Latin one (bona fide or good faith, mors civilis or civil death). Although numerous words of Latin, Anglo-Saxon or Viking origin may be found in legal English, it may be argued that the main influence for the development of legal language is to be attributed to Norman and later to French. French used to be once the language of the royal courts. Despite several attempts to return to legal English (for example the 1362 Statute of Pleading which although itself written in French forbade using French in lawsuits), French remained in use until 1731, when it was together with Latin banned from being used in legal proceedings. A vast amount of the most basic legal vocabulary is of French origin (appeal, complaint, evidence, judge, tort or verdict, and real law French words such as estoppel or alien in the sense of transfer). French influence may be also seen in some legal phrases following the French way of putting an adjective after the noun (attorney general, fee simple) or in creating neologisms by adding an -ee ending (lessee, condemnee) to a verb. From what has been just said might follow that legal English is not â€Å"English† at all, especially when considering that the word law itself is derived from the Norse word for â€Å"lay† and means â€Å"that which is laid down†. Although legal language seems to be very old-fashioned at first sight, lawyers can be quite creative when it suits their purposes (as Tiersma writes[5]) and can create neologisms such as palimony, zoning or hedonic damages. A special feature of legal English of Anglo-Saxon origin is the conjoined phrases or multinominal expressions. Some of them are alliterated as for example the rest, residue and remainder, some of them are not, such as last will and testament. These phrasesconsist of synonyms or near-synonyms. It has been argued that one of the justifications of such language behaviour is the never-ending quest for absolute precision. But as Mellinkoff says, this may not be the case: the phrase last will and testament is not as precise as plain will and when one of these words is used, the other is superfluous (Mellinkoff 1963, 331-332). Perhaps a more sound justification for the wordiness of legal English is derived from its adversarial nature. Tiersma says that â€Å"virtually any legal document is liable, at some point in its existence, to be picked apart by an opponent eager to exploit a loophole or ambiguity in hopes of wiggling out of an agreement or contesting a will. The question arising when dealing with these conjoined phrases is whether they really present a redundant overflow of words or whether they constitute a special kind of term. But an answer to this question would be outside the scope of this thesis. 4. Legal Czech Legal language is a specialized language of legal texts (Tomà ¡Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ek 2003, 25). It is the main means of communication within law as a legal system. Communication between the legislator and the addressees of legal norms is carried out solely by language. It is mostly a natural language (the exceptions being for example road signs) and a standard language. Knapp (1988, 95) argues that there are non-standard languages of law as well, such as the spoken language of judges, or legal slangs, such as the law students speak). Legal Czech can be distinguished from the ordinary Czech especially with respect to its style. Knapp (1995, 120) distinguishes between three varieties of legal Czech: Language of laws (language of legislation) Language of courts (decision making) Language of lawyers (language of legal representation) It is typical of legal Czech that it originates from the language of legal norms the language of legislation. Legal norms regulate social relationships: they state what should be done (prescriptive function) as well as what is (descriptive function). The language of judicial decisions and the language of lawyers are basically derived from the language of legal texts. 4.1 Style Knapp (1988, 96) argues that there may not be a unified legal style because there are recognizable stylistic differences between the language of legal texts, lawyers speak or the language of theoretical legal texts. Basic stylistic requirements of legal texts may be listed as follows: precision definiteness brevity comprehensibility/understandability stability   inexpressiveness purposiveness Some of the points of this list of basic requirements quoted by Tomà ¡Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ek (2003, 28) are developed later. a) Precision and Definiteness Precision seems to be the most important legal language requirement, not only with respect to legal Czech but other legal languages as well. To ensure legal certainty and the principle of equality in law, law must state all the rights and obligations of its subjects exactly and without doubt. This does not mean that all the legal expressions must be absolutely exact and precise: legal Czech is full of vague words, words with flexible meanings. This vagueness may not be a flaw in precise legal language. Expressions such as mà ­ra pÃ…â„ ¢imĆºÃƒâ€¦Ã¢â€ž ¢enà ¡ pomĆºrÃ…Â ¯m (degree adequate to the circumstances), znaÄ nà ¡ Ã…Â ¡koda (substantial loss), vĆºk blà ­zkà ½ vĆºku mladistvà ½m (an age close to the age of minors/juveniles), may be interpreted according to particular circumstances of the case. Relatively frequent use of these expressions in Czech legal texts may be explained by the nature of continental-system leg al norms. Czech legal norms (and continental legal norms in general) tend to be more general, often using vague expressions to leave their interpretation on courts. Common-law-system norms tend to be more casuistic and such vagueness of expression would be perceived as inadequate.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unless used in legal theory and scientific legal writings, use of synonyms is forbidden. Although we may find such synonyms in the bulk of legal expressions, legislation usually chooses only one of them and keeps using it to avoid any misinterpretation. Here are some examples of such synonyms in legal Czech: zletilost plnoletost (legal age majority; only zletilost is a truly legal expression), zpÃ…Â ¯sobilost k prà ¡vnà ­m à ºkonÃ…Â ¯m svà ©prà ¡vnost (legal capacity; only the first expression is known to the legal texts)[7]. Contrary to the use of synonyms, the use of polysemes and homonyms is not that easily avoided. When such use is inevitable, the meaning of such expressions must be interpreted by context: nà ¡lez (finding) may refer to nà ¡lez Ústavnà ­ho soudu (Constitutional Courts ruling) or to nà ¡lez vĆºci opuÃ…Â ¡tĆºnà © (finding of a derelict), zapoÄ tenà ­ (inclusion) may refer to zpÃ…Â ¯sob zà ¡niku zà ¡vazku (a way of termination of an obligation), kompenzace (compensation) etc. b) Stability To regulate social relationships and to ensure legal certainty, legal terminology and style should be relatively stable. This does not mean that the meaning of the terms does not change from time to time. Stability means that one and the same term used in a legal text should denote one and the same thing (Knapp 1995, 125). It is typical of legal Czech to â€Å"normalize† certain words and phrases, to set firmly their meanings and way of usage (see for example Knapp 1978, 47-48). c) Comprehensibility/Understandability This requirement is closely connected to that of purposiveness and precision. Legal text should communicate its content clearly and without doubt to its addressees. The ideal of understandability is to make the addressee of the legal norm understand it in the same way as its creator (Knapp 1995, 126). In another work Knapp (1988, 99) argues that even people with no legal education are able to understand the text of a legal norm. The language of law is sometimes demonized but to understand the language of law in reality is not very difficult. The demand for popularization of legal language would suggest that people read legal texts on a daily basis: but this is not so. Whether we like it or not, law seems to be a complex system that has developed its terminology and to understand the law and its language needs a specialized education in the same way as medicine does. To simplify the language of law yes; to vulgarize it no. What people may not understand when reading a law or a contr act should be issues connected to law, not to language. 4.1.1 Lexis Legal Czech makes use of all classes of words except interjections. Words of various language origins are included: traditionally Latin, less often French and recently English. Legal Czech makes use of various Latin phrases which are even taught at law schools and are used relatively frequently in legal texts and in lawyers talk. These include phrases such as inter vivos (among the living), mortis causa (in case of death) or even whole sentences describing legal principles such as Ignorantia iuris neminem excusat (The ignorance of law does not excuse). With the growth of European Union legislation and numerous international contracts, English terms slowly find their way into legal Czech. Typically, these are words for which there is no Czech equivalent (due to the systemic differences, Chapter 5) and to avo

J.B. Preistly’s Presentation of Inspector Goole in An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

Analyse J.B. Preistly’s Presentation of Inspector Goole in An Inspector Calls ‘An Inspector Calls’ is a play written by J.B. Preistly in 1945 after WW2. The play was set in 1912 just before WW1, this date was chosen to show the contrasts of the two orders and to help J.B.Preistly’s message of the play become clearer. In the world in1945, as I’ve said, it was the end of WW2 and the Labour Party had been elected for government for the first time. Preistly’s message of the play is that he thinks that the old older was a bad idea because it had already got the world in 2 world wars’ and that every body should respect and care about each other . The Inspector is an important character is important to the play because he is like the spokes person of the play because he shows that the ways of the old order are wrong and that the way of the new order was the right way to go. He is also pointing out Preistly’s message by saying that the old order views from Arthur Birling about how everybody should look after themselves and not care about any other problems in the world accept your own. The way that Preistly does this is by contrasting Inspector Goole and Arthur Birling for example the Inspector is cool, calm and collected, Arthur Birling has to always have his wits about him and always try to be right. My first impressions of the Inspector are that he is an important character to the play and solving the mystery of who killed Daisy Renton, but I didn’t think that he would have any thing to do with the message. Did Preistly want the audience to think this? I think that he did and that adds to the initial impact of the inspector’s character, not knowing what he is all about. In the text Preistly describes the inspector as a big character in his late 40’s makes him seem a convincing inspector; this could help to trick the audience in the later scenes. The Inspectors entrance is important because it is the middle of Birling’s big speech about only looking after yourself and later in the play he contradicts that speech and shows Birling that he is in the wrong and that Eric And Sheila are right for being in the new order. When he enters the room with the lines â€Å" I’d like some information if you don’t mind, Mr. Birling† it makes the audience feel that Birling, who is so convinced the old order is correct and he is

Sarnath

The Buddha went from Bodhgaya to Sarnath about 5 weeks after his enlightenment. Before Gautama (the Buddha-to-be) attained enlightenment, he gave up his austere penances and his friends, the Pancavaggiya monks, left him and went to Isipatana. [4] After attaining Enlightenment the Buddha, leaving Uruvela, travelled to the Isipatana to Join and teach them. He went to them because, using his spiritual powers, he had seen that his five former companions would be able to understand Dharma quickly.While travelling to Sarnath, Gautama Buddha had to cross the Ganges. Having no money with which to pay the ferryman, he crossed the Ganges through the air. When King Bimbis ¤ra heard of this, he abolished the toll for ascetics. When Gautama Buddha found his five former companions, he taught them, they understood and as a result they also became enlightened. At that time the Sangha, the community of the enlightened ones, was founded. The sermon Buddha gave to the five monks was his irst sermon, called the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta.It was given on the full-moon day of Asalha PuJa. [5] Buddha subsequently also spent his first rainy season at Sarnath[6] at the Mulagandhakuti. The Sangha had grown to 60 in number (after Yasa and his friends had become monks), and Buddha sent them out in all directions to travel alone and teach the Dharma. All 60 monks were Arahants. Several other incidents connected with the Buddha, besides the preaching of the first sermon, are entioned as having taken place in Isipatana.Here it was that one day at dawn Yasa came to the Buddha and became an Arahant. [7] It was at Isipatana, too, that the rule was passed prohibiting the use of sandals made of talipot leaves. [8] On another occasion when the Buddha was staying at Isipatana, having gone there from R ¤Jagaha, he instituted rules forbidding the use of certain kinds of flesh, including human flesh. [9] Twice, while the Buddha was at Isipatana, M ¤ra visited him but had to go away discomfited. [10]

Deductive Essay Sample on the Destructive Use of Tobacco

Deductive Essay Sample on the Destructive Use of Tobacco Tobacco smoking is dangerous, and there is much evidence to support this claim. Each year, tobacco is cited as a contributor to the deaths of close to a half a million people within the US and to a higher figure around the world. The number of people who die from complications that can be traced back to the consumption of tobacco is higher than the number of deaths from alcohol, aids, illegal drugs, and fires combined. Tobacco is, therefore, arguably the leading cause of preventable deaths in America and, indeed, in many other parts of the world. Tobacco is considered a slow killer. This is because smoking tobacco does not result in immediate death but slowly erodes the health of the individual who smokes. Some of the undesirable health effects that have been related to smoking tobacco include having bad breath, wrinkled skin, hair and clothing stench, and the staining of the teeth and nails. Although most of these side effects are not life threatening, lung cancer and other serious health conditions that have been associated with tobacco smoking, result in numerous deaths in many parts of the world. One of the major concerns about tobacco use is that it not only affects the individuals who smoke but also individuals who are around those who smoke. The effects of second-hand smoke can even be more significant than for the actual smoker. Lungs are affected from the harmful gases emitted from the tobacco products. A good number of the individuals who smoke tobacco do not have an idea of what they are smoking because apart from the nicotine, there are many other toxic compounds that are included in the smoke that they are inhaling. Once these compounds get into the lungs, they are absorbed into the blood stream which then transports them to body organs such as the heart, spleen, liver, and the central nervous system. People even get brain cancer that originates in the lungs and then spreads to the brain. Cigarette smoke contains fast acting compounds that immediately stimulate the central nervous system, which is what causes feelings of pleasure for the smokers. While feeling the pleasure, the other compounds slowly and progressively affect the functioning of the aforementioned body organs in what eventually results in deadly diseases that cause the eventual death of the individual. The second-hand smoke inhaled by those who are around tobacco smokers is especially dangerous to unborn children, infants, children, and those with respiratory illnesses. When a pregnant woman smokes cigarettes or is frequently exposed to secondary tobacco smoke, the smoke gets to the unborn baby and may later result in conditions such as sudden infant death. Whether it is by smoking or by inhaling secondary smoke, tobacco use is, without doubt, hazardous, as illustrated by the numerous diseases and eventual fatality that are connected to it. Tips for essay writing: Since this is a deductive essay, one is supposed to give several points that can be used to lead to a specific conclusion which, in this case, is that tobacco smoking is a deadly habit. It is a good practice that one should make known what is to be deduced from the content of the essay early enough in the essay so a reader can tell what the point of the essay is. Also, you can order a custom essay on this topic at CustomWritings.com.

Free Essays on Education And Power

Education and Power "Education in modern society is about power. To ask who is to be educated is to ask who is to rule."(Halls, vii) This same statement could also apply to the eighteenth century; the wealthier families could afford to send their children off to college to further their education to become doctors or lawyers. This form of education progressed until 1760 when the nationalization of the education system became a noticeable progression. They believed that through making education a national topic then they could in turn influence the students to create a better society. The church was even pressing for national education. "Education became an almost universal corrective to human and social ills."(Palmer, 3) While the children were in school this gave the educators an opportunity to install "virtues and desirable attitudes and habits." (Palmer, 3) However, not everyone believed that the only way to create a better society was to train the children from a young age to act a certain way. Many believed that a child is born with a set of morals and virtues to prevent them from doing something that should not be done. If a child is not born with these morals and virtues then even being trained from a young age to act a certain way is not going to prevent them from doing something that the society sees as wrong. Colleges also played into the ideal of creating a better society. "The ideal French college in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a place of salutary confinement, designed to shield growing boys from the evils of the outside world." (Palmer, 13) Prior to the eighteenth century "Northwestern France, England, and the Netherlands showed about the same rate of literacy and together formed the most literate zone in Europe, until overtaken by Scotland during the eighteenth century." (Palmer, 10) As important as education began to be it didn't change the fact that the best education that one could receive... Free Essays on Education And Power Free Essays on Education And Power Education and Power "Education in modern society is about power. To ask who is to be educated is to ask who is to rule."(Halls, vii) This same statement could also apply to the eighteenth century; the wealthier families could afford to send their children off to college to further their education to become doctors or lawyers. This form of education progressed until 1760 when the nationalization of the education system became a noticeable progression. They believed that through making education a national topic then they could in turn influence the students to create a better society. The church was even pressing for national education. "Education became an almost universal corrective to human and social ills."(Palmer, 3) While the children were in school this gave the educators an opportunity to install "virtues and desirable attitudes and habits." (Palmer, 3) However, not everyone believed that the only way to create a better society was to train the children from a young age to act a certain way. Many believed that a child is born with a set of morals and virtues to prevent them from doing something that should not be done. If a child is not born with these morals and virtues then even being trained from a young age to act a certain way is not going to prevent them from doing something that the society sees as wrong. Colleges also played into the ideal of creating a better society. "The ideal French college in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a place of salutary confinement, designed to shield growing boys from the evils of the outside world." (Palmer, 13) Prior to the eighteenth century "Northwestern France, England, and the Netherlands showed about the same rate of literacy and together formed the most literate zone in Europe, until overtaken by Scotland during the eighteenth century." (Palmer, 10) As important as education began to be it didn't change the fact that the best education that one could receive...

Critical Review - HIA for future development Essay

Critical Review - HIA for future development - Essay Example lia may be sufficient in catering to the peoples’ water needs, however, the utility of treated wastewater in these catchments seems to be more feasible in meeting the rising demands for safe water, while at the same time, safeguard the general health of the public. Rationale for the Proposed Project. Adelaide is just one of the regions in Australia that is paying the high price of economic progress. As emphasized in a research, this city is generating its water supply from distant sources while its wastewater disposal is overly increasing in volume (Richard and Budgen 2008, 6). The situation experienced shows that a necessity for a sustainable water source is crucial. With the help of the proposal in recharging dams with treated wastewater, water supply can be replenished. Aside from this, the necessity of decreasing wastewater pollution also needs to be addressed. This project, then, hits two birds in one stone. It not only meets the increasing challenge of depleting water supply, the method of divesting the city from volumes of wastewater can also be settled lawfully. Process and Materials Utilized. Generally, wastewater is â€Å"discarded water ... from sanitary or foul sewage† (Aswthanarayana 2001, 159). With this, one needs to be reminded that this type of water source is already contaminated with several microorganisms and chemical substances. The probability of recycle can only increase by subjecting volumes of wastewater in several treatment stages. Numerous phases are employed for safer wastewater sources: â€Å"pre-treatment, mechanical or primary, biological or secondary, tertiary and quarternary† (Barcelo and Petrovic 2008, 3). Each treatment line is necessary for a potable water distribution in households (please see Figure 1, Appendix A). The pretreatment phase involves the removal of large particles through a programmed machine. This task is continued in the secondary phase, with its combination of physical and chemical procedure prior to the

Essentials of business in 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Essentials of business in 2012 - Essay Example Our reputation for quality products, unique baked products, eclectic atmosphere, and excellent, friendly service will be the basis for continued growth. Long-term vision (beyond next year): Building on a foundation of community presence, referral business, quality and excellence, we will continue to expand our market and become the preferred choice in the Salthill area for consumers seeking a quiet place to visit while enjoying a hot beverage and freshly baked cakes. While we will offer high quality and a variety of coffee blends, along with other hot and cold beverages, our unique selling point will be our fresh baked cakes and other baked goods. We will offer a large variety and unique flavors to highlight local taste favorites and respond to customer demand. Since we are not a chain, we will have the freedom to experiment with flavors and adjust to accommodate customer needs quickly and efficiently. Our success will rely on our flexibility to changing customer needs, our service excellence, and our fantastic products. These elements, packaged in an inviting environment, with careful attention to costs and profit, will create a sustainable business model. To market the shop we will periodically place advertisements in The Galway City Tribune, create a website, and launch a Facebook page. The costs incurred will be predominately with the newspaper articles, though depending on the service selected, there may be a minimal on-going web hosting fee that we will need to maintain to keep the website live. We will rely on samples, hand-bills, and word-of-mouth for a portion of our marketing strategy. These options offer a low-cost option that will help us create a presence in the community and quickly install The Caked Bean as an everyday destination for the local clientele. While the shop will offer cake slices and single serving baked goods, we will also take orders for whole cakes for special occasions to supplement the normal

Elephant As A Symbol Of The Colonialism In Orwells Novel Essay - 1

Elephant As A Symbol Of The Colonialism In Orwells Novel - Essay Example The elephant was often considered as the symbol of the author’s self, or the symbol of the Burmese economy under British rule or the Burmese natives. However, I think the elephant is the symbol of the British Empire and the beginning of its decline. If we consider the elephant as the symbol of the British Empire, it is important to analyze the author’s attitude to colonialism and British rule. The author is quite a clear statement that â€Å"imperialism was an evil thing† and that he was â€Å"all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British†. The author also stresses that he hated his job (which is strange, though, since it was Orwell’s decision to become a police officer) and that it caused â€Å"an intolerable sense of guilt†. However, the general tone of the abstract suggests that the author has changed his opinion. It is known, that Orwell left Burma in 1927, and the story was written ten years later – enough time to reconsider some of the impressions of youth. Thus, Orwell writes that he was â€Å"young and ill-educated† and considered his problems to be the problems of â€Å"every Englishman in the East†. Author’s statements that he â€Å"did not even know that the British Empire is dying† and that he did not know that â€Å"it is a great deal better than the younger empires that are going to supplant it† prove that Orwell was not categorical as to his opinions about the British rule. Also, it is strange that the author expressed his hatred towards, for example, â€Å"young Buddhist priests†: â€Å"the greatest joy in the world would be to drive a bayonet into a Buddhist priest’s guts†. Orwell, as the representative of administration, was aware that the so-called Young Men’s Buddhist Association (which existed in Burma and other Buddhist countries) represented the movement for independence from the British rule.

A Peoples History Essay Example for Free

A Peoples History Essay ZINN QUESTIONS – A People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn Chapter 1 – Columbus, the Indians and Human Progress http://www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistory.html 1. According to Zinn, what is his main purpose for writing A People’s History of the United States? 2. What is Zinn’s thesis for pages 1-11? 3. According to Zinn, how is Columbus portrayed in traditional history books? 4. Why does Zinn dispute Henry Kissinger’s statement: History is the memory of states? 5. What is Zinn’s basic criticism of historian Samuel Eliot Morison’s book, Christopher Columbus, Mariner? 6. What major issues does Bartolome de las Casas bring up regarding Spanish expeditions in the Caribbean? 7. Identify one early and one subsequent motive that drove Columbus to oppress indigenous peoples. 8. What was the ultimate fate of the Arawak Indians? 9. What was the significance of Quetzalcoatl? 10. Compare the strategies and motives underlying the conquest of the Aztecs by Cortez and the conquest of the Incas by Pizzaro. 11. What were the major causes of war between the Powhatans and the English settlers? 12. Discuss the significance of Powhatan’s statement, Why will you take by force what you may have quietly by love? 13. Explain Governor John Winthrop’s legal and biblical justification for seizing Indian land. 14. Explain the main tactic of warfare used by the English against the Indians. 15. According to Roger Williams, how did the English usually justify their attacks on the Indians? 16. What ultimately happened to the estimated 10 million Indians living in North America at the time of Columbus’ arrival? 17. Evaluate the statement: If there are sacrifices to be made for human progress, is it not essential to hold to the principle that those to be sacrificed must make the decision themselves? 18. How does Zinn attempt to prove that the Indians were not inferior? Provide examples.

Suicide :: essays research papers

I'm about to take up a position which is going to be deamed by some, if not all, as a terrible stand to take. As a matter of fact, if anyone were to agree with me on ths subject, I'd be surprsed. For you see, rather than arguing from the postion of suicide being an unjustified and inane way to die, I shall argue the other point. That being suicide does have its merits. Before you people start screaming, hear my case out. Most people argue that nothing justifies the taking of someone's life. Yet what makes life so valuable? Why do people cling to it so? All we consist of is a bunch of carbon atoms, bound together to form an exoskeleton, organs, and tissue. In this light, there really is not much to life. Out of the 5 billion who inhabit the planet, very few of them shall emerge to be true world leaders. The rest will just lead a mediocre life of work and little play. The taking of ones life can be argued from a populistic view as well. It makes little sense to preserve life in an over populated world. True, one less person here on there will not make a large dent. Yet if everyone who attempts or had attempted suicide were not stopped, the impact would be noticed. Another popular argument for stoppers, people who want to prevent suicide, is that nothing can be bad enough. Yet how do they know this? They do not have to put up with the same stuff the suicide victim does everyday. How could they possibly know what the potential suicide victim feels. Just as a severely burned victim may wish to be allowed to die in peace, the suicide victim wishes the same. To die in peace with no argument from others. The argument of "look at the people you will hurt" also does not hold. Imidiate family members will be the only ones to suffer any great pain. Friends will go on with thier lives and in time forget about the death. Imidiate family too will forget the loss in time. Although it will take most considerably longer for them than it will for friends. Finaly, the argument of suicide being selfish is hard to grasp. Selfish in whose eyes? Certainly not the eyes of the victim. To them, they consider it selfish of others to try and preserve their life.

A Civil Action: Witness Evaluation

In the book, A Civil Action, by Jonathan Harr, a plaintiff’s attorney is called upon to prove that a cluster of cancer deaths in a town called Woburn were caused by the pollution of city water wells by factories owed by two corporate entities, Beatrice, and Grace.The liability phase of the trial, separate from the proximate cause trial entailed testimony presented to prove or disprove that the factories in question were responsible for the presence of carcinogenic chemicals in the city’s well water. Thus, the witnesses were all presented to prove or disprove this allegation.The tannery owned by Beatrice and the factory owned by Grace both were in proximity to the wells, and both are alleged to have illegally and irresponsibly dumped a dangerous chemical, TCE on the premises, leading to the contamination of the wells.While the plaintiff’s witnesses were not entirely convincing, they, along with the cross-examination of the defendants witnesses, provided sufficient proof by preponderance of the evidence to find both companies liable.  The plaintiff began by establishing the fact of illegal dumping on both sites. He called numerous long-time residents of Woburn, who testified to witnessing the dumping or venting of whitish-grey powder, barrels, and foul-smelling sludge on the grounds around the city by the factories.(305) Coupled with photographs of abandoned barrels and waste piles on the land in question, the plaintiff established to a reasonable degree of certainty that the tannery was dumping chemicals on the land. As a hostile witness, the plaintiff also called John Reiley, the manager of the Tannery.(306)He vehemently denied any dumping, but was unable to explain the destruction of records for a 10-year period relevant to the case.(313) Despite documentation that proved otherwise, he denied being warned about dumping by the state health agent, A.C. Bolde. (306).Riley’s demeanor and denial of evidence before him made him extremel y hard to believe. It was his testimony, in the manner rendered, that most hurt Beatrice.The Plaintiff also called several experts on soil and groundwater behavior. The first of these was a soil expert named Mr. Drobinski. (303)   He testified to the presence of the TCE in the soil.The defense established on cross-examination that Drobinski had misreported the date his Masters Degree was conferred. (304)Since they did not attack the substance of his testimony, only his credibility in an oblique manner, his word that the TCE did enter the soil stood undisputed.The second expert that the plaintiff called, a hydrologist named Dr. Pinder (325) fared less well in the area of credibility. He did testify to the manner in which the toxins got from the factories’ property to the city’s wells, but was caught out as incorrect on his theory as to why the Aberjona River did not cause the contamination.The substance of his testimony was rendered neutral by the constant back-and-fo rth on cross examination. (327-337) Only his testimony that the contamination could have reached the wells from   the factory properties survived intact. Given what the other witnesses had to say, this assertion went largely unchallenged in any case.In their case against Grace in particular, the plaintiff called Frank McCann, an employee who admitted that the Grace factory used TCE in quantities of about a half-gallon a day. (317) Though he vehemently denied dumping the waste, he could provide no alternative explanation for its disappearance.Tom Barbas, another Grace employee, admitted to â€Å"placing† waste on the ground outside the factory (318). He further admitted witnessing other employees dumping buckets of unknown material on the land. These witnesses effectively established that Grace was dumping waste on the land, and that it was probable that TCE was part of that waste.Despite the plaintiff’s witnesses, they were still left with a weak case in terms of con necting the poisoned well water to the factories in question. Having established that both companies dumped the waste, the plaintiffs did not satisfactorily explain the transfer of the toxins from the land to the City’s wells.Cross-examination of the defenses witnesses brought that issue to light, and strengthened the Plaintiff’s case more than that of the defendants. Beatrice called Thomas Mernin, the Wobern City engineer, to dispute the presence of toxins in the wells. (342)He ended up convincing the jury that he had incompetently left the wells open despite their danger, and even recommending a new well in the same area. His testimony did nothing to ease the allegation that the wells were poisoned. (343)

Background to the drama Essay

‘A View from a Bridge’ is a play inspired by Miller’s own background, in terms of plot and context. Miller grew up in America and was the son of two immigrants. In the late 1940s he became interested in the work and lives of the communities and Longshoremen of New York’s Brooklyn Harbour, a place where he had in fact previously worked. Many of the workers were exploited by their bosses, underpaid and had only recently immigrated to the United States. It was during this time that a young lawyer friend of Miller’s ‘mentioned a story he’d recently heard of a longshoreman who had ratted to the Immigration Bureau on two brothers, his own relatives, who were living illegally in his very own home, in order to break up an engagement between one of them and his niece. ‘ Miller took this story combined with his upbringing and experiences on a recent trip to Sicily and provided the background to the drama ‘A View from a Bridge’. The play takes place in Brooklyn around 1950s. Catherine is an orphan who lives with her aunt and uncle, Beatrice and Eddie Carbone. Eddie agrees to Beatrice’s two relatives, Marco and Rodolpho, both of whom are illegal immigrants. Eddie, the plays protagonist, has a very particular view of the qualities of a man. When other characters don’t conform to these masculine expectations it leads to hostility and aggression resulting in death. Our first impression of Eddie is that of a simple, average man. He comes across as a hardworking, friendly, kind and generous husband and uncle: especially as he is prepared to accept and welcome his wife Beatrice’s illegal immigrant cousins into his own home. However Eddie has a very strong point of view of the qualities of manliness, believing that a real man should be strong, tough and mean. The appearance of a man should be with dark features and big size. He thinks that a real man should be like him, the breadwinner who works hard, doing work that uses muscle and not much brain: â€Å"I worked like a dog†. He perhaps also thinks that a man would always look at a pretty woman in a sexual way rather than just another person; this is shown when he says there are â€Å"bad men† at Catherine’s workplace. Another quality which Eddie considers to manly is power. Eddie’s views on manliness are also based around the ideas of protecting your family and loved ones, providing for your family and keeping your pride and dignity. Eddie tries his very best to keep to these things as he feels very strongly of being a man. He shows this by showing concern when Catherine buys a new skirt. He says, â€Å"Where you going all dressed up? † and, â€Å"It’s too short ain’t it? † He is concerned because he doesn’t want her attracting too much attention from other men, like when he says, â€Å"I don’t like the looks they’re giving you in the candy store†. This overprotectiveness leads to conflict on a small scale between him and Catherine as she says â€Å"Eddie, I wish there was one guy you couldn’t tell me things about! † This dialogue shows that Eddie has been overprotective before and Catherine has realized it. She does not say it seriously but rather, a joke; however she is actually trying to express that he’s being too overprotective. This power that Eddie considers to be manly also creates many other incidents on small scales and Eddie starts to show open hostility towards the other characters. Firstly when Rodolfo, Marco and Eddie are talking about oranges and lemons Eddie becomes very hostile when Rodolfo corrects him, â€Å"Lemons are green†. Eddie lashes out at Rodolfo when he corrects him about the colour of the lemon and becomes slightly aggressive â€Å"I know lemons are green for Christ’s sake†. Eddie becomes hostile and aggressive because he believes knowledge and being ‘right’, amongst other things, is where the power lies. Miller uses this to show how something as insignificant as a lemon can create hostility and aggression all because of a manly characteristic of wanting power and respect. Another example of Eddie’s pettiness is during a conversation about Marco’s family back home in Italy. Eddie tries to suggest an affair with Marco’s wife but Rodolfo again corrects him saying â€Å"it’s more strict in our town† We are able to see how Eddie is becoming aggressive through Miller’s stage directions. Eddie goes from being hostile and sarcastic â€Å"(laughing)† to aggressive â€Å"(rises, pacing up and down)† as a direct reaction to the immigrants differing culture. The stage directions often say a lot more about the characters then the actual script itself and also greatly contribute to the heightening of tension throughout. Not only do they describe the positions of the characters on set; they help the audience to identify with their feelings. Miller begins a scene with a simple conversation about a recent trip to Africa which Marco and Rodolfo had undergone through work. However, tension is still created, regardless of the triviality of the conversational subject, by Eddie, who, from a simple glance at Catherine, appears to be sceptical about whether the trip took place â€Å"They went to Africa once. On a fishing boat. (Eddie glances at her. ) It’s true, Eddie†. Eddie then retreats to his rocker, a prop which Miller makes significant throughout the play as it acts as Eddie’s position of authority, as his â€Å"throne† – when in his rocker, he feels very much at the helm of the household and Miller uses this in order to show how Eddie feels he has power yet a rocker is slightly unsuitable as it does not assume a fixed position The conversation then continues further, though it is clear from Miller’s use of stage directions that Eddie is disregarding anything Rodolfo says to him, and talking to Marco exclusively, creating an uneasy atmosphere and increasing the tension further.