tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18938283852450075022024-02-20T03:01:11.918-08:00Peal paragraphsDale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.comBlogger224125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-47542086400471372262020-08-28T02:47:00.001-07:002020-08-28T02:47:08.178-07:00Nile Crocodile Facts (Crocodylus niloticus)Nile Crocodile Facts (Crocodylus niloticus) The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is an enormous freshwater African reptile. It is liable for the most passings from any creature as a predator going after people, yet crocodiles serve a significant environmental capacity. The Nile crocodile eats cadavers that contaminate water and controls ruthless fish that could indulge littler fish utilized as food by numerous different species. Quick Facts: Nile Crocodile Logical Name: Crocodylus niloticusCommon Names: Nile crocodile, African crocodile, regular crocodile, dark crocodileBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 10-20 feetWeight: 300-1650 poundsLifespan: 50-60 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Freshwater wetlands of sub-Saharan AfricaPopulation: 250,000Conservation Status: Least Concern Depiction The Nile crocodile is the second-biggest reptile on the planet after the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Nile crocodiles have thick, defensively covered skin that is dim bronze with dark stripes and spots on the back, greenish-yellow side stripes, and yellow scales on the gut. Crocodiles have four short legs, long tails, and prolonged jaws with cone shaped teeth. Their eyes, ears, and nostrils are on the head. Guys are about 30% bigger than females. Normal size extents somewhere in the range of 10 and 20 feet long and somewhere in the range of 300 to 1,650 pounds in weight. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1auiW6tDkTDxii3Ci6RZStgMktM=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-200018635-001-d79d321d488d4f13921b919e8b2a31b9.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/NHlxgFtjHekMAW_GwYDYKoh3Acc=/754x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-200018635-001-d79d321d488d4f13921b919e8b2a31b9.jpg 754w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/KGB2CCZuY848UqNgu1_rkXSwNWo=/1208x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-200018635-001-d79d321d488d4f13921b919e8b2a31b9.jpg 1208w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/jT0ClrXL_rVl1EAHZHbb7wabt4Q=/2116x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-200018635-001-d79d321d488d4f13921b919e8b2a31b9.jpg 2116w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/udlb_JO03joG2Hu6Ucx0dKHHqiI=/2116x1416/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-200018635-001-d79d321d488d4f13921b919e8b2a31b9.jpg src=//:0 alt=Crocodile conveying youthful in her mouth class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-6 information following container=true /> A Nile crocodile may convey her young in her mouth or on her back. Gallo Images-Roger De La Harpe/Getty Images Natural surroundings and Distribution The Nile crocodile is local to Africa. It lives in freshwater bogs, swamps, lakes, streams, and waterways of sub-Saharan Africa, the Nile bowl, and Madagascar. It is an intrusive species in Florida, however it is obscure whether the populace is imitating. In spite of the fact that it is a freshwater animal types, the Nile crocodile has salt organs and in some cases enters bitter and marine waters. Diet and Behavior Crocodiles are zenith predators that chase creatures up to twice their size. Youthful crocodiles eat spineless creatures and fish, while bigger ones may take any creature. They likewise feed on cadavers, different crocodiles (counting individuals from their own species), and in some cases organic product. Like different crocodilians, they ingest stones as gastroliths, which may help digest food or go about as counterweight. Crocodiles are trap predators that trust that prey will go in close vicinity to run, lurch at the objective, and dive into it to drag it into water to suffocate, pass on from abrupt whipping developments, or be destroyed with assistance from different crocodiles. Around evening time, crocodiles may leave the water and trap go after land. The Nile crocodile goes through the vast majority of the day incompletely uncovered in shallow water or lolling ashore. Crocodiles may relax with open mouths to forestall overheating or as a danger show for different crocodiles. Propagation and Offspring Nile crocodiles arrive at sexual development somewhere in the range of 12 and 16 years old, when guys are around 10 feet 10 inches in length and females are somewhere in the range of 7 and 10 feet in length. Develop guys breed each year, while females just variety once every a few years. Guys pull in females by making commotions, slapping their noses in water, and cleaning out water out through their noses. Guys may fight different guys for reproducing rights. Females lay eggs a month or two in the wake of reproducing. Settling can happen whenever of year, yet will in general correspond with the dry season. The female dives a home in the sand or soil a few feet from the water and stores somewhere in the range of 25 and 80 eggs. The warmth of the dirt broods the eggs and decides the sex of the posterity, with guys just coming about because of temperatures between 89 à °F and 94 à °F. The female watches the home until the eggs bring forth, which takes around 90 days. Close to the furthest limit of the brooding time frame, the youthful make shrill twitters to make the female aware of uncover the eggs. She may utilize her mouth to enable her posterity to bring forth. After they have brought forth, she may convey them in her mouth to water. While she watches her posterity for as long as two years, they chase their own food following incubating. In spite of her consideration, just about 10% of the eggs get by to incubating and 1% of hatchlings arrive at development. Mortality is high on the grounds that the eggs and youthful are nourishment for some different species. In imprisonment, Nile crocodiles live 50 to 60 years. They may have a possible life expectancy of 70 to 100 years in nature. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/XrTVvgrslq78K6RTSaPs8TSJ5Hk=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90795274-855d37fd54374639a4d84d9194914fd2.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/wEd-DDMoCAof0HgfYD-iJcBavuM=/773x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90795274-855d37fd54374639a4d84d9194914fd2.jpg 773w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/VAvtUUStqxlAATJwVHaxsCW8aPk=/1246x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90795274-855d37fd54374639a4d84d9194914fd2.jpg 1246w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LWzWOJdwxTEHEJX8l_aXxKUh49w=/2194x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90795274-855d37fd54374639a4d84d9194914fd2.jpg 2194w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/lLrq-DGofu_U5JUW6Kqstvft88I=/2194x1366/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90795274-855d37fd54374639a4d84d9194914fd2.jpg src=//:0 alt=Baby Nile crocodiles incubating from eggs class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-24 information following container=true /> A Nile crocodile has an egg tooth that it uses to help incubate from an egg. hphimagelibrary/Getty Images Preservation Status The Nile crocodile confronted elimination during the 1960s. Today, the IUCN arranges the species preservation status as least concern. Notwithstanding, Nile crocodile numbers are diminishing. Refers to records the Nile crocodile under Appendix I (undermined with elimination) all through the majority of its range. Scientists gauge 250,000 to 500,000 people live in nature. Crocodiles are secured in part of their range and are brought up in imprisonment. Dangers The species faces different dangers to its endurance, including living space misfortune and discontinuity, chasing for meat and cowhide, poaching, contamination, ensnarement in angling nets, and abuse. Intrusive plant species likewise represent a danger, as they change the temperature of crocodile settles and keep eggs from bring forth. Nile Crocodiles and Humans Crocodiles are cultivated for their cowhide. In the wild, they have a notoriety for being man-eaters. The Nile crocodile along with the saltwater crocodile kills hundreds or now and then a large number of individuals every year. Females with homes are forceful, in addition to huge grown-ups chase people. Field scientists trait the high number of assaults to a general absence of alert around crocodile-involved regions. Studies demonstrate arranged land the board and government funded instruction could decrease human-crocodile struggle. Sources Crocodile Specialist Group 1996. Crocodylus niloticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996: e.T46590A11064465. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T46590A11064465.enDunham, K. M.; Ghiurghi, A.; Cumbi, R. Urbano, F. Humanââ¬wildlife struggle in Mozambique: a national viewpoint, with accentuation on natural life assaults on people. Oryx. 44 (2): 185, 2010. doi:10.1017/S003060530999086XThorbjarnarson, J. Fake tears and skins: universal exchange, monetary requirements, and cutoff points to the economical utilization of crocodilians. Preservation Biology. 13 (3): 465ââ¬470, 1999. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.00011.xWallace, K. M. A. J. Leslie. Diet of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Diary of Herpetology. 42 (2): 361, 2008. doi:10.1670/07-1071.1Wood, Gerald. The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Real Publishing Co Inc., 1983. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9. Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-6452567881115064812020-08-22T14:05:00.001-07:002020-08-22T14:05:33.195-07:00ââ¬ÅA Martian Sends A Postcard Homeââ¬Â by Craig Raine EssayIn ââ¬Å"A Martian Sends a Postcard Home,â⬠Craig Raine utilizes numerous analogies to depict what a Martian would check whether he came to earth. In the primary refrain Raine utilizes similitudes to depict what a Martian may think a book resembles. Raine makes reference to William Caxton, who was the first to print books in England, in the main verse; ââ¬Å"Caxtons are mechanical flying creatures with numerous wings/and some are loved for their markings. A book would look like a feathered creature when opened, the wings being the numerous pages, and numerous books have denoted a spot in history or is treasured by the individual understanding it. In the following four lines the Martian watches the various feelings one may have while perusing a ââ¬Å"mechanical bird,â⬠and despite the fact that heââ¬â¢s never saw one really flying, which is unimaginable, he sees that they are some of the time in someoneââ¬â¢s hand. In verses five and six the Martian is attempting to clarify haze. ââ¬Å"Rain is the point at which the earth is TV/It has the property of making hues darker,â⬠meaning when the hues are changed on a TV the image would look hazy, and shady even. Raine essentially depicts a vehicle as a ââ¬Å"Model T,â⬠in the following two verses. Disclosing a vehicle to be ââ¬Å"a live with the lock inside,â⬠is an extremely inventive allegory. By composing ââ¬Å"But time is attached to the wrist/or kept in a container, ticking with impatience,â⬠Raine is communicating that the Martian is experiencing a watch or a clock. In verses ten through twelve the Martian has happened upon a phone, which he depicts as a ââ¬Å"haunted apparatus,â⬠which normally ââ¬Å"sleeps,â⬠and cries, or rings until it is gotten. Raine additionally adds the component of cleverness to the sonnet, a model is in the twelfth refrain when he composes, ââ¬Å"And yet they wake it up/purposely, by tickling with a finger.â⬠The Martian accepts that people ââ¬Å"tickleâ⬠the keypad with their fingers, when theyââ¬â¢re making a call. ââ¬Å"A discipline room/with water however nothing to eat,â⬠is a restroom. The Martian sees that ââ¬Å"Only the youthful are permitted to endure openly,â⬠which is truly when I kid would get their diaper changed, and grown-ups must be distant from everyone else when they go to the ââ¬Å"punishment room.â⬠Finally, in the last two refrains the Martian is portraying the evening time routine of people, ââ¬Å"At night when all the hues pass on/they cover up two by two/and read about themselves/in shading, with their eyes shut,â⬠at the end of the day by the day's end people shut their eyes to nod off and dream. This sonnet utilizes a numerous illustrations to portray what a Martian wouldâ encounter on the off chance that he visited Earth. The sonnet is fascinating to peruse in light of the fact that it requires the peruser to utilize their creative mind, the peruser must think so as to make sense of these regular things the Martian is seeing just because, itââ¬â¢s to some degree a brainteaser. Itââ¬â¢s evident that the Martian is seeing these things just because, it makes the peruser wonder why a straightforward thing, for example, a watch or a clock isn't found on his planet, is time immaterial were heââ¬â¢s from? Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-86118057188380646212020-08-21T11:47:00.001-07:002020-08-21T11:47:12.170-07:00Innovation and Business Development of Vodafone-Free-SamplesQuestions: 1.Explain the various attributes that make Vodafone a fruitful and inventive organization. 2.Evaluate the methodology embraced by the organization for the usage of this new innovation and the progress that occurred and examine its prosperity factors. 3.Choose one of the organizations situated in your nation of habitation (or some other organization) known for its creative methodologies, and expand on the principle factors that energize advancement in this organization. Answers: Vodafone immediately picked up notoriety in the Egyptian market inferable from the purchaser driven methodology of the business. The organization is currently the main association in the market. The plan of action of Vodafone depends on the offer and this empowers the organization to accept development as a significant part of development and extension. The organization works in the media transmission industry and with the progression of innovation the organization has soaked up to the progressions and the patterns in the business. With the assistance of market investigation, the organization finishes up the adjustments in the business and starts the adjustment all the while. So as to achieve the adjustments in the market the organization consolidates the methodology of development. Advancement is the improvement in a thought and any association that depends on innovation needs to advance so as to meet the necessities of the client. The purchaser centered quality of the vital administration helps the organization gadgets approaches and plans such that will consent to the necessities and prerequisites (Souto, 2015). The organization has development approach in the item and administrations as well as during the time spent the business. Along these lines, the organization additionally empowers a development driven work culture in the association which helps the representatives and the administration to think in an inventive manner. Throughout the years the organization has utilized a few arrangements and activities to urge the representatives and to put resources into the procedure of innovative work (can et al., 2014). The organization utilizes the of ITIL philosophy (The Information Technology Infrastructure Library) so as to give the clients proficient and immaculate administrations. This innovation encourages the organization to improve profitability and offer better types of assistance to the clients. The organization centers around improving the span of network and offering better types of assistance to the clients so as to do so the organization puts resources into innovative work divisions. The administration of the organization is additionally founded on transformational initiative style, which rouses and supports changes among the workers and moves the representatives to adjusting the enthusiasm to the destinations of the association (Roco Bainbridge, 2013). ERP or venture Resource Planning is one of the key parts required by an organization to keep every one of its information at a typical spot and access them when it is essential. The Enterprise Resource Planning programming or SAP ERP that was created by Vodafone is known as EVO, which is a short type of development. Many key business segments were related inside the product framework with the goal that the progression of framework turns out to be simple. SalesDistribution, Financial management,human capital administration andcorporate Services were totally coordinated inside the framework with the goal that they can be gotten to by the individual who requires the data at any pointy of time at wherever on the planet. Anyway there was get to gave to every one of the individual as far as power and just the approved individual could get to. The change was viewed as the companys biggest ever business change. After the reconciliation of the product in the arrangement of Vodafone preparing was given to the workers for 3 weeks by the specialists who built up the product framework (Amin et al., 2016). The workers required around 3 months for completely settling with the procedure anyway the settlement was smooth and after it was finished the business procedure got minimized, security expanded and the global branches were conveying much easily with one another. To assess the entire procedure of the reconciliation of the new programming framework into the business procedure of Vodafone it must be said that the all out arranging of acquainting the product with the consummation of the preparation was all around arranged and the product was fruitful in accomplishing its ideal outcomes particle mix of the business. 3.One of the most advancements driven organization in the worldwide market is Amazon Inc. There are a portion of the fundamental likenesses if Vodafone and Amazon: right off the bat the organizations are innovation based however they work in discrete enterprises, alongside these both the companys business approach is purchaser driven. The administration of these association centers around the necessities and prerequisites of the buyers to build up their items and benefits and join advancement during the time spent turn of events. The primary factors that empower development in Amazon are: Administration: the initiative style that is seen in the association is a blend of transformational and visionary style. The CEO of the organization is Jeff Bezos and the methodologies that are taken by the organization depend on the farsightedness of his conduct and the necessities and prerequisites of the shopper (can et al., 2014). The business where the organization works prompts the administration to have an imaginative methodology in the advancement of the items and administrations, innovation driven association have the extent of progress with development as innovation is dynamic in the business condition is continually advancing. Another factor that supports advancement in the association is the speculation of the organization on innovative work (Roco Bainbridge, 2013). The organization is buyer driven and this has been built up by the CEO a few times in different meetings. In this way the organization centers around the developing purchaser drifts in the business and attempts to enhance both in the item just as in process. The kind of advancement that is followed in the organization is troublesome in nature, for instance: Disruptive development is the possibility of development which has the capability of supplanting existing thoughts in the market. As per Christensen et al. (2015), the association that can make troublesome development thought can utilize the procedure to guarantee upper hand in the business (Souto, 2015). The organization has recently propelled the idea of Amazon Go, which is a venture that the organization has made in another market (physical retail industry). The advancement in the process is the innovation that has been utilized to develop the store. The thought is making shopping for food bother free. The organization has introduced innovation that will permit the client to stroll in and leave the store without paying physical cash or holding up in the line. This is troublesome in nature as there are various rivalries in the physical retail showcase however there is not at all lik e the store position and the innovation of Amazon Go (Amazon.com, 2018) Reference list: Amazon.com (2018). Amazon Go. [online] amazon.com. Accessible at: https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8node=16008589011 [Accessed 26 April. 2018]. Amazon.com (2018). Our Innovations. [online] amazon.com. Accessible at: https://www.amazon.com/p/include/tv76jef8gz289rm [Accessed 26 April. 2018]. Amin Azab, N., El Sheik, Y., Moharram, An., Ibrahim, B., Yehia, N. (2016). A vital utilization of innovation: instance of Vodafone Egypt.Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies,6(3), 1-16. Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., McDonald, R. (2015). What is problematic advancement. Harvard Business Review, 93(12), 44-53. can, . F., Ersar?, G., Naktiyok, A. (2014). Impact of administration style on apparent authoritative execution and advancement: the job of transformational initiative past the effect of value-based leadershipan application among Turkish SME's. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 881-889. Roco, M. C., Bainbridge, W. S. (2013). The new universe of disclosure, creation, and advancement: assembly of information, innovation, and society. Diary of nanoparticle inquire about, 15(9), 1946. Souto, J. E. (2015). Plan of action development and business idea advancement as the setting of steady development and radical advancement. The travel industry Management, 51, 142-155. Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-13033204524231806462020-05-26T13:11:00.001-07:002020-05-26T13:11:04.033-07:00Essay Scholarships Samples Free Reviews & TipsEssay Scholarships Samples Free Reviews & Tips MOTIVATION LETTER Write about your plans after you finish your study related to the house country. Applying for college takes lots of work. Writing your company plan. You will have to pay to make an application for school, yes. Find as many scholarship programs as possible to apply to. Now you know about scholarships for moms, have an opportunity to learn about other scholarships and the way to submit an application for college. In reality, there are lots of scholarships out there which are aimed specifically at students in the last years of their education. When writing an essay, you want to show that you're worthy of the scholarship. 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You waive any right you might have to get specific notice of such alterations or modifications. Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-68669632454180432432020-05-15T19:46:00.001-07:002020-05-15T19:46:10.340-07:00James Baldwin Essay - 1485 Words For The World to See James Baldwin was a man who wrote an exceptional amount of essays. He enticed audiences differing in race, sexuality, ethnic background, government preference and so much more. Each piece is a circulation of emotions and a teeter-totter on where he balances personal experiences and worldly events to the way you feel. Not only did he have the ability to catch readersââ¬â¢ attention through writing, but he also appeared on television a few times. Bostonââ¬â¢s local public television station WGBH, under the leadership of Hartford Gunn, presented an array of educational and cultural programming. Similar to an earlier interview, in a 1963 taping of ââ¬Å"The Negro and the American Promise,â⬠Baldwin isâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦An incident such as this shows that even though Baldwin was not apart of that group, whites assumed that African Americans of any age were all the same. Baldwin reminisces of his childhood as describing activities frequently pursued as a young boy. They used to play on the roof, and some kind of garbage dump near the river. In the interview Baldwin tells us that he had been morally raised by his father, whose relation to the church was very direct, and admits that the solitary place to express pain was in the church. But now, and in the mid-twentieth century, the living conditions and attitudes of whites towards blacks has significantly worsened. It is evident as Baldwin proclaims, ââ¬Å"the moral authority which was present in the Negro Northern community when I was growing up has vanished, and people talk about progress, and I look at Harlemâ⬠¦and it is much worse there today than it was when I was growing upâ⬠that indeed the well-being and living situations had decreased (ââ¬Å"The Negroâ⬠1). Living conditions was only the half of it; Baldwin proves that education had worsened as well when he projects that ââ¬Å"[i]t is much worse in theShow MoreRelatedSonny s Blues By James Baldwin827 Words à |à 4 PagesSonnyââ¬â¢s Blues In James Baldwinââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Sonnyââ¬â¢s Bluesâ⬠it is only when a brother loses his child that he realizes how easy it can be to lose his brother. The narratorââ¬â¢s little brother, Sonny, was left in his charge when their parents passed away. He neglects Sonny and leaves him to work through hard decisions on his own which leads to Sonny being picked up by the police for using and selling drugs. 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His written canvas portrays a dark and continual scene pertaining to each topic. As the story unfolds, similarities in each generation can be observed. The two African American brothers share a life similar to that of their father and his brother. The fatherââ¬â¢s brother had a thirstRead MoreExpectations in Sonnys Blues, by James Baldwin Essay1277 Words à |à 6 Pagesa grim existence beneath the dispassionate stare of narrow-minded bigots. Soon, the Civil Rights Movement would gain momentum and drastically alter such social exclusion, but James Baldwin writes his story ââ¬Å"Sonnyââ¬â¢s Bluesâ⬠before this transformation has occurred. In the style of other Post-Modernist writers of his day, Baldwin invents two brothers, Sonny and the narrator, who seem to have given up on finding meaning in their lives: escape, not purpose, is the solution for suffering. Although marginalizedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Sonny s Blues By James Baldwin1481 Words à |à 6 PagesIn reading the story Sonny s Blues by James Baldwin, we learn of two brothers and their lives growing up in Harlem. The narrator, who is the older brother in the story, narrates the trials and tribulations he and his younger brother (Sonny) had to endure growing up in such a harsh environment in Harlem (due to the drugs, violence, and Black s being looked down upon in general in the mid-1950s). We start in the future (present), with the narrator having a somewhat successful future being a teacherRead MoreJames Baldwin s Influence On Society And Relationships With Other People1249 Words à |à 5 PagesJames Arthur Baldwin was a prominent author in the 1900s. He did not let his homosexuality or skin color put him down or get in the way of being himself. Baldwin wrote essays, novels, plays, and poetry inspired from his environment and relationships with other people. Although he was poor, it did not stop James Baldwin from becoming a successful author that wrote about his experiences of being homosexual and African American in a troubled society. In Baldwinââ¬â¢s early life, he had to work hard andRead MoreLight and Dark in the Book Sonnyââ¬â¢s Blues by James Baldwin Essay788 Words à |à 4 PagesIn James Baldwinââ¬â¢s short story, ââ¬Å"Sonnyââ¬â¢s Bluesâ⬠there is a constant contrast between light and dark. Baldwin uses this theme to highlight the struggles that the Narrator and his younger brother, Sonny, both face. Light represents all of the positive aspects of life. Meanwhile, the darkness represents the constant struggle that threatens the characters in the story. Light and dark has a presence in both characters. The narrator lives his life in the ââ¬Å"lightâ⬠. He is a teacher, middleclass man, a manRead MoreJames Baldwin738 Words à |à 3 PagesQuestions on A Talk to Teachers by James Baldwin 1. In the opening paragraph, Baldwin establishes his ethos by connecting himself to his audience as a fellow citizen and fellow American, someone who loves his country and wants it to be whole and healthy. Though he identifies the chief fear of his audience as the fear of Communist, he proposes that the ore fearful aspect of American society of the early 1960s is the ââ¬Å"bad faith and crueltyâ⬠of generations. Baldwin builds credibility with his audienceRead MoreSonny s Blues By James Baldwin2300 Words à |à 10 PagesIn the short story ââ¬Å"Sonnyââ¬â¢s Bluesâ⬠, by James Baldwin there is the notion or a reoccurring theme of a conflict between light and dark between the characters. The notion is carried throughout the story of two brothers finding their own lights and trying to work towards a greater life. In the late 50ââ¬â¢s, after the Harlem Renaissance, adolescents are faced with drug sales everywhere and crime sprees around every corner, this is one examp le of the darkness in the story. Kids began to form bad habits thatRead MoreEssay on James Baldwin1907 Words à |à 8 PagesJennifer Oast MWF 2:00-2:50 February 10, 2012 James A. Baldwin James A. Baldwin, a homosexual African-American novelist, was once quoted saying that the most dangerous creation of any society is the man who has nothing to lose. What it means is that societyââ¬â¢s chief concern should be a person who has absolutely nothing to lose by always sticking to their beliefs, yet everything to gain. James Baldwin embodies that quote to the absolute fullest. Not only did he push the boundaries Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-64594029869287904422020-05-06T17:01:00.001-07:002020-05-06T17:01:22.198-07:00Essay about A Fat Tax Economic Costs of Obesity are High Todays world is full of modern conveniences. Communication is at the touch of a button, you can drive right to the window and get handed a greasy, hot meal, and even walking has become bothersome. Trying to find that spot closest to the door is worth driving around the lot five times. Kids play more in virtual reality than outdoors, and parents who are strapped for time settle on quick, processed meals for dinner. Unfortunately, weve created an environment fit for the lazy. Instead of having to preform physical activities to function throughout the day, we must find time for physical activity, which might not be realistic for everyone. The fast food industry and quick processed dinners feed the consumer with no time for exercise, and theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦For example, a person could weigh 200 lbs at 5 feet and their BMI would be 39.1, while obesity is a BMI of 30 and above. But what if that person were a short body builder? BMI doesnt take into account the weight of musc le or bone density. Body shape is also of some importance; if someone has 50 extra pounds in their thighs they are at less risk for heart disease than someone with 50 extra pounds in their waist. Visceral fat, or fat located directly around the organs, is linked to many risk factors including insulin resistance. 26 million people in America have diabetes, and 90% - 95% of those are type two. According to the American Diabetes Association, 85.2% of people with type two diabetes are overweight. Economic costs of obesity are increasing and will continue to do so if nothing is done. Healthy Communities for A Healthy Future state that the estimated annual health care costs related to obesity are 190 billion dollars. This is 21% of total health care costs. This includes direct costs, such as preventive and treatment services, while indirect costs include income lost to days debilitated or future income lost to death. On an individual level, an obese person will cost 42% more in health car e than a person of healthy weight. A tax directly related to products known to cause obesity would offset the cost of health care, and hopefully result in less obesity in the Nation. Deciding which foods would be taxed is a difficult process.Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Obesity Among The United Kingdom Government1209 Words à |à 5 PagesIntroduction Obesity has become an extremely concerning problem seriously needing to be addressed by the United Kingdom government. Some argue that a tax increase on unhealthy food should be implemented by the government in order to increase health levels across the UK, particularly those of children- for whom the current nationwide obesity problem is the most worrying. However, it is not certain whether implementing this tax will be economically viable. By evaluating the repercussions of introducingRead MoreFat Tax on Fast Food in Australia Essay642 Words à |à 3 Pagesto the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Australia has the fifth-highest obesity rates of any country anywhere in the world, at a very high figure of 24.6 percent. This means that almost one in every four citizens is clinically overweight. A high fat tax on fast food and unhealthy drinks may help slow the worldââ¬â¢s rising rates of obesity, as a recent study published in the British Medical Journal suggests. The $2.50 price hike on cigarette tax in 2013 is expected to haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Obesity On American Adults And Children1213 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Effects of Obesity Obesity is on the rise in American adults and children. Over 78.6 million Americans are considered obese (CDC, 2014). Health experts believe the obesity crisis has become an epidemic that needs to be controlled. Today many efforts are being made by Federal and state governments and some major companies to combat obesity in adults and children. For example, some major companies are rewarding employees with cash incentives for exercising regularly and maintaining a healthyRead MoreSample Essay1475 Words à |à 6 Pagesinclining rates of obesity in countries like France, South Korea, USA, England, Greece and Italy, a decision to produce low-calorie versions of their chocolate bars could be a healthier alternative to the country. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages to Kraft Foods while producing these. Advantages : a) They attract a new and major segment of the market which is more health conscious. This new segment of the market includes people who are on the path to obesity yet desire to consumeRead MoreThe Implementation Of A Fat Tax1158 Words à |à 5 Pages The implementation of a ââ¬Å"Fat Taxâ⬠is a topic that has been considered before in the UK. This is an additional tax on junk food, seeking to reduce the consumption of products containing high levels of fats, sugars and cholesterol. One of the primary considerations for such a tax is the scale of the obesity problem in the UK. Todayââ¬â¢s obesity level in the UK is three times the 1980s level, currently 24.9% and is the highest in Europe (Nhs.uk 2015). The extent of the UK confectionery market size, whichRead MoreObesity : The Consumption Of Unhealthy And Overly Processed Foods1645 Words à |à 7 PagesWithin the past 50 years, obesity rates have reached an epidemic level with the United States of America having one of the highest obesity rates in the world. America has become the poster child for obesity worldwide and that has become its most noticeable feature. Several presidents have tried implementing multiple short term solutions in recent years, but none have show n overall effectiveness in reducing the main cause of obesity: the over consumption of unhealthy and overly processed foods. TheRead MoreShould The Government Add Extra Tax On Junk Foods? Essay1315 Words à |à 6 PagesShould the Government Add Extra Tax on Junk Foods? The rate of junk and fatty food consumption has grown in the United States compared to the past few decades. Lifestyle reports indicate that one of the primary issues that were altered is the type of diet that people consume. Currently, it seems like many people eat junk foods almost daily. Junk food refers to any diet that has insufficient nutritional value and unhealthy ingredients. The U.S. government should add extra taxes to junk foods to promoteRead MoreEssay on Globesity: Health Crisis/Epidemic930 Words à |à 4 PagesAccording to a U.S. Prevalence of Adult Overweight and Obesity study conducted by NHANES from 2009-2010, 68.8% of our population is either obese or overweight. This new health crisis/epidemic has been slowly sneaking up on America in the last decade negatively influencing our society and changing our way of life. Itââ¬â¢s hard not to walk down the street and ignore the shining golden arches the gleaming signs of various fast food restaurants and then the wa lk of shame home when you realize your pantsRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Society1303 Words à |à 6 PagesObesity and its Effects on Society ââ¬ËAmerica is fatââ¬â¢, this statement repeated by numerous people in and out of healthcare profession and if someone donââ¬â¢t believe this statement, maybe the following statistic will change our mind. According to (CDC) Center for Diseases Control and prevention, obesity rate grew 65% between 1990 and 2002(Su). Still not convince? When most Americans read that statistics they have single question is ââ¬ËWhy?ââ¬â¢ How is the rate of obesity growing so fast? Is this the way weRead MoreENG4U IP EO1142 Words à |à 5 Pagesgovernment should impose a high tax on junk food and soft drink. Firstly, junk food and soft drinks are harmful to the human body. Additionally, there will be negative consequences if a high percentage of people are obese in the country with an increased burden on the government due to more and more people get illnesses from purchasing this unhealthy food. Lastly, to promote the healthy living standards for citizens, the government can use the reven ue generated through these high taxes on harmful food Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-20716958132232435742020-05-05T20:27:00.001-07:002020-05-05T20:27:22.943-07:00Occupational Health And Safety Law Samples â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Occupational Health And Safety Law. Answer: Issue 1 The issue which has to be addressed in this case is to identify to identify the legal position of Vinod that he is an employee or an independent contractor. If he is an employee what are the compensations which he is entitled to. Rules In order to determine the compensation to be paid to a person it has to be analyzed that he works in the capacity of an employee or an independent contractor. The relationship between an employee and an independent contractor is determined through the use of legislations as well as commonlaw tests provided through various tests. The major legislation dealing with the relationship between employee and employer in Australia is the Fair Work Act 2009. The Independent Contractors Act 2006 and the Fair Work Act 2009 set out the entitlements and the rights of contractors and employees in Australia. There are various factors on which the differences between an contractor and employee is based on. A single factor cannot determine whether a person is a contractor or an employee. The totality of the relation is analyzed by the courts looking at each case in order to determine the employment status of a person. A few common factors for the purpose of determining whether a person is an independent contractor or employee are as follows. Degree of control on how the work is to be performed: the work which is performed by an employee is totally under the control and direction of the employer on a regular basis. An independent contractor has a high degree of control over the work done by them. Hours of work: an employee mostly has set hours of work which can have flexible timing. The hours of a casual employee may vary from week to week. On the other hand the contract decides on what hours the work which has been provided to him has to be completed. Risks: An employee has no financial risk during the course of employment as the risks are covered by the employer. On the other hand an independent contractor bears the risk associated with making profits or incurring losses on every task. The liability of poor work is also borne by the contractor along with any injury sustained while doing the task. Therefore the contractors have a personal insurance policy. Superannuation: an employee has the right to receive superannuation which is paid into a nominated fund by the employer. On the other hand contractors pay their own superannuation however they may have the right to superannuation funds in certain cases. Equipments and tools: generally an employee is provide equipments and tools by the employer or else they are given a tool allowance. On the other hand contractors use their own equipments and tools. Alternative arrangements may also be made within the contract or services. Tax: The income taxes off the employees are deducted by their employers whereas the contractors pay their own GST and tax to the ATO. Method of payment: employees are paid regularly such as weekly, fortnightly or monthly. On the other hand the contractor has ABN and an invoice is submitted by him when the work is completed or he is paid directly after completion. Leave: an employee is entitled to leaves which are paid such as annual leave and long services leave or right to a loading instead of leave entitlements such as in case of casual employees. However a contractor is not entitled to any paid leaves. In the case of Comcare v PVYW[2013]HCA 41 it had been ruled by the high court that the employers would be liable for injuries which have been sustained by the employees during the course of employment. However such compensation does not extend to sexual encounters faced by employees during work trips. In the case of Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 44 it was held by the high court that a bicycle courier who was paid in accordance to the number of successful deliveries made, but was provided a uniform by the company and was also told when to work and how much money to take and did not have supply to any expensive equipment was based on thecommon law business integration test an employee. Application In this case it has been provided that Vinod is a university student who is a part time worker for Yum Yum pizzas. He has been provided with particular shifts with strict commencements which does not have any specified finishing time. He also has been supplied with a uniform by the pizza company. He is required to wear such uniform at the time of delivering pizzas. He has not been provided with any vehicle by the company for such delivery and uses his own bicycle for the operations. A tool in form of an heat retaining panniers have also been provided by the company to ensures the pizza are hot. He is paid fee according to the deliveries. In the given situation it can been seen that it is not clear that whether he is an independent contractor or an employee as no clear idea can be obtained through his employment term. However as discussed above no single term can be used to determine the employment status and it has to be analyzed in accordance to the overall contract. According to the principles of the Vabo case which has similar situation related to that of Vinod it can be said that the Vinod is an employee of the pizza company as he has also been given a uniform, uses his own equipments, is paid per delivery and is told when to work by the company. According to the principles of the Comcare case Vinod is entitled to compensation from the Yum Yum pizza as he has been injured during the course of employment. Conclusion Vindo is an employee of the company and is entitled to compensation from Yum Yum pizza. Issue 2 Is Penelope entitled to compensation, if so who is liable to pay such compensation Rules It has already been established in the above discussion that Vinod is an employee of Yum Yum Pizzas. According to the principles of vicarious liability an employer is liable for the action of their employees. The commonlaw principles is established in Australia if two elements are provides. Firstly, there must be a relationship between the wrongdoer and the person to be held vicariously liable. The person must have a degree of control over the working of the wrongdoer. The wrongful action must have been committed in the course of employment. The fact that such act was not authorized by the employer does not have any effect on his position to be held liable for the actions of the employee as provided by the case of Pioneer Mortgage Services Pty Ltd v Columbus Capital Pty Ltd [2016] FCAFC 78. In this case both the employee and the employer are jointly and severally liable. However in Australia the employee may not have any right to recover the loss from the employee for negligence. The concept of negligence arises when a person has a duty of care towards another. It was first provided in Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 522. The duty has to be breached and harm has to be suffered by the other person because of such breach in duty. Any harm which is caused due to the negligent act has to be compensated by the wrong doer. However there is a specific defense which a wrongdoer may use in case of a claim for negligence. The defense is known as contributory negligence. Whether a person has made a contribution towards his injury or not is assessed using the same principles which are used for analyzing a negligent activity. In case of contributory negligence the partial or whole claim for negligence can be defeated. The concept had been used in the case of Podrebersek v Australian Iron and Steel [1985] HCA 34. Whether a duty of care is there or not is seen through the application of the neighbors principle provided by the Donoghue v Stevenson case. Whether the duty has been violated is seen by making a reasonable person in same situation and comparing the original action to his actions. The harm is caused by the breach is analyzed by the but for test which means that whether the injury would have happened if there was no negligence. Application In this case it has been already established that Vinod is an employee of the pizza company. As per the principles of vicarious liability if it is established that vindo has been negligent towards Penelope than the pizza company would be held liable to pay compensation to Penelope. This is because the act was done during the course of employment as Vinod was going to deliver a pizza. Even if he had collected alcohol during in between his shift the accident took place when he was actually going to deliver a pizza. In addition it has been discussed above that even if authority is provided by the employer he can be liable for the actions of his employees during the course of employment. Thus Yum Yum Pizza would be liable if it is established that Vinod was negligent towards Penelope. Coming to the accident it has been provided clearly that Vindo was paddling in excess of the speed limits as he was getting late. According to the neighbor principles he has duty of care to any pedestrian as his negligence could have caused them harm. A reasonable person would have not been paddling in excess of the speed limit. In addition if he would have paddled in a normal way he could have avoided the accident. The injury to Penelope would not have been caused if there was no negligence. Thus a claim for negligence is established. However, as discussed above contributory negligence can be used as a defense by a wrongdoer. In this case thus it would be analyzed that whether Penelope was himself negligent towards the injury or not. It is provided in the scenario that Penelope was intoxicated and knowingly played chicken with the traffic. A reasonable person in the same situation would not have done so. If this was not the case injury would have been avoided easily. Thus he is contributory negligent and the claim for compensation would be reduced or defeated as decided by the court Conclusion Penelope can claim compensation from Yum Yum Pizza but is likely to have the compensation proportionate according to the principles of contributory negligence. References Comcare v PVYW[2013]HCA 41 Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 522 Fair Work Act 2009 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 44 Pioneer Mortgage Services Pty Ltd v Columbus Capital Pty Ltd [2016] FCAFC 78 Podrebersek v Australian Iron and Steel [1985] HCA 34 The Independent Contractors Act 2006 Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-25379403694866420042020-04-14T19:57:00.001-07:002020-04-14T19:57:02.507-07:00Leadership In Ancient Civilizations Essays - Iulii, Leadership in Ancient Civilizations Leadership in Ancient Civilizations During the period of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, different leaders exhibited different styles of leadership and employed different political strategies. In addition, these leaders came to power and maintained their control in their own unique ways. Each leader seemed to have his own agenda, which set the tone for that era. Five prominent leaders of this time period were Agricola, Augustus, Julius Caesar, and the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. The point to be made with respect to these particular men is related to the obvious correlation between the nature of a leader's agenda and the impact of his reign. In the end, a ruler's fate was dependent not on his agenda, but on style and strategy with which he pushed his agenda. Those leaders whose methods were completely altruistic were heralded as great leaders, while those with devious and/or unethical methods of pushing their agendas were hastily assassinated. First consider Tiberius Gracchus. It is imperative to analyze his style of leadership and his political strategies. During his term as tribune, Tiberius' major goal was to pass a land reform bill. This bill was biased toward the masses. Tiberius tried fairly and squarely to gain the support of the Roman senate, but this effort was to no avail. Tiberius then resorted to unfavorable tactics when he impeached another tribune, Octavius, the major opponent of Tiberius' bill. Thus Tiberius willingly destroyed the long-held and quite favored notion of an immune tribune. However, this is what the common people wanted. Tiberius' big mistake was blatantly opposing, thus disrespecting the Roman senate. As a result, the senate assassinated Tiberius. The lesson to be learned here is not that Tiberius' agenda was constructed out of self-interest or greed. Tiberius simply wanted to help the common people. However, Tiberius' methods were not proper for that time in that place. And it is probable that Tiberius could easily have been persuaded to compromise. Thus, Tiberius' downfall was not his agenda, but his style and political strategy. A different example of the same principle is summed up with the story of Tiberius' younger brother, Gaius Gracchus. Gaius worked not to appease the senate, but to appease the people. Although this seems quite noble of him, it was still a mistake to oppose the senate. Granted, this notion is counter-intuitive. One would expect that the senate is supposed to help the people, and since Gaius was helping the people, the senate should favor him. One would also expect that because it was the common people and not the senate that elected him, that he should have unwavering loyalty to the people. However, one must not look at the situation with a 1990's, American, free will and liberty, democratic eyes. Rome was not a democracy. The senate commanded respect, and to disregard the senate, whether the people were in favor of you or not, was not a wise thing to do. Thus, Gaius was also assassinated, like his brother, by the senate. It does not seem fair that Gaius was killed, but such is life, and had Gaius employed a more "senate-friendly" strategy of passing his laws, it is probable that his fate would not have been what it was. One final example of this is Julius Caesar. Caesar was a warlord and a dictator, but if one can look past that, as ridiculous as it sounds, then one would also notice that Caesar did a lot of good for Rome. As dictator, Caesar saw to a series of rapid reforms in many areas of Roman life. He scaled down his large army by settling many of his soldiers in newly founded colonies and extended Roman civilization into some of the provinces. His most lasting reform was one by which we still regulate our lives ? the establishment of a calendar based on the old Egyptian reckoning of 365 days, with one day added every fourth year. This "Julian" calendar lasted until 1582. Then, there were those leaders whose style of leadership and political strategy fit perfectly into the framework of society, such that they were considered to be great leaders. These leaders were Agricola and Augustus. Agricola was an army commander for most of his relatively long life. He was regarded to be one of the best men anywhere, and he was revered by all. Yet, being an army commander does require some killing and punishing. Let's be real. How is it that Agricola was, by the nature of his profession, a killer, yet was so respected, while Tiberius and Gaius strove to help people, and were assassinated? The answer Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-48191666423969945732020-03-12T06:32:00.001-07:002020-03-12T06:32:02.653-07:00Europe and the Revolutions of 1848 essaysEurope and the Revolutions of 1848 essays From ancient times until well into the nineteenth century, people were often considered subjects (not citizens) of their states and countries. The people wanted to see a change, which is why socialism was discovered. Socialism focused its aim on economic, political, and social justice for all people. The possibility of achieving these aims was first envisioned in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. It was a time of extraordinary social and political upheaval. Socialism grew out of the French Revolution and its intellectual growth and demand for equal rights, absolute democracy, and the redistribution of property. Socialism was first developed because of the revolutionary impact capitalism had on European society. Capitalism first emerged late in the Middle Ages throughout the Industrial Revolution. Capitalism (or the market economy) broke all the social bonds that had been seen during the Middle Ages. The class structure, in which everyone had a fixed position and individual responsibilities in society, was demolished. For the first time, a large class of factory workers came forth whose livelihood depended on wages. They were considered to be deprived of property because they owned no means of production. The value of their labor was seized by the capitalists for profit, while at the same time, their wages were kept as low as possible. Socialists saw the possibility of class conflict in this new capitalist economic structure. The conflict that arose was between the number of exploited workers and their capitalist exploiters. Because of this conflict, the socialists predicted the eventual transfer of the ownership of private property (the means of production) from the owners to the workers. Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto discusses how a revolution could come about. Ever alert to ironies, Marx observes that it was the Industrial Revolution itself that had been organizing the workers most effectively. History, of cours... Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-69338701814477929252020-02-24T20:56:00.001-08:002020-02-24T20:56:02.756-08:00Short answer questions about an economic article EssayShort answer questions about an economic article - Essay Example Housing craze bubble occurred due to Goldmanââ¬â¢s by reducing the standards of underwriting mortgages rates. They were able to trick pension schemes funds and insurance into buying into their idea. The mortgage package they offered had hidden irregularities meant to exploit the investors. Many rushed into investing thus creating a large real estate whose investment were being speculated by Goldman. Eventually, the housing bubble crumbled and investors were fleeced of their investment (Higgins 89). $4 a Gallon bubble came into being when Goldman influenced large investment companies to invest in the speculative oil market. When the world market prices declined, Goldmanââ¬â¢s investors lost billions of investment. However, it was instrumental in manipulating pump prices rise to $4 a gallon thus continually robbing from the public. In the Rigging the Bailout bubble, Goldmanââ¬â¢s caused the collapse of insurance and investment giants like AIG who remained deeply indebted to them. When the government chipped into bailout them, Goldman had to be paid fully despite them being behind the investment and insurer downfall. Global warming bubble occurred when Goldman covered up their bad deeds in the name of environmental conservation plan advocating for a bill that will limit carbon emission. Thus, they will trick companies into managing finances meant to reduce these emotions (Higgins 112). Goldman used its political influence to win over lucrative initial public offer deals. Its activities included bribery of executives of other investment institutions in order to be awarded future underwriting deals. Their top executives participated in a long-term greedy behaviour. They also manipulated the prices of shares to gain bonuses at the expense of its investors. Goldmanââ¬â¢s behaviour led to shareholders and investors launching several lawsuits and it walked scot-free after manipulating the prosecution by paying a $60 million which is a small Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-8109888745754169112020-02-08T13:43:00.001-08:002020-02-08T13:43:02.456-08:00AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORLD BANK AND DEVELOPING EssayAN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORLD BANK AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES - Essay Example development, namely, means for a long and a healthy life, access to education and access to physical resources which help in a better sustenance of life (Sagar & Najam, 1997, p. 250). Human development thus, is multidimensional in nature, which is automatically served out of overall economic and social progress. The World Bank, however, had been actively involved in alleviating all elements which have been responsible for an underprivileged human life, through implementing investment projects in various aspects. Creation of the organization had been the consequence of the Bretton-Woods Commission held in 1944 following the World War II, to resolve issues such as financial insolvency arising out of depreciation in currency values. Developmental economics supports two approaches to prop up overall growth in an economy, namely, balanced and unbalanced. Though an external push is required in both the cases, in case of balanced growth, the effect is often considered to be a diluted one, which is why unbalanced growth is preferred more in nations suffering from a scarcity of resources.3 Unbalanced growth in fact, had been supported by a large number of economists. Rosenstein Rodan, the proponent of Big Push theory established the importance of unbalanced growth which he regarded to be essential f or the developing nations to break out of the low level equilibrium trap, i.e., for economies which did not have high growth potentials. These investments however, were emphasized for industrial or infrastructural development, which is considered as a fundamental area which can trigger economic growth. But given the lack of investible resources, it was not possible for the national governments themselves to carry on with their investments; in fact they had to seek the help of international organizations like the World Bank which were responsible for resource mobilization activities. The bank established in 1944, had been involved in such development activities hitherto, which Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-77940581005606909012020-01-29T21:10:00.001-08:002020-01-29T21:10:06.646-08:00English Language Essay Example for Free English Language Essay English is the universal language; thus, the need for its mastery is a must. Its diverse concepts need be learned in detail so that the communication between two conversing parties could be made in an efficient and effective manner. In achieving this end, my English writing teacher has greatly contributed to my learning of the intricacies of the English language. à à à à à à à à à à à This English writing class under my teacher was the best class I attended so far. It was a very engaging class where everyone had the chance to interact with each other academically; thus, everyone improved intellectually at the same pace. My teacher enthusiastically elaborates on certain aspects of a lesson which I had difficulty comprehending; the assignments were excellently explained as well as the giving of lecture instructions. à à à à à à à à à à à Some instructions in the writing class were complicated, but my teacher took meticulous efforts to simplify these into easily comprehensible lessons. I took great interest in writing essays because I knew that my teacher grades them honestly and fairly; hence, this enabled mo to appraise my standing in class and to improve on other facets of writing in which I am not particularly good at. à à à à à à à à à à à I learned a lot under my teacherââ¬â¢s tutelage; not only academically, but also on those that pertain to life outside the portals of the academic institution. A lesson that reverberates in my mind is that we should do our best in everything that we do. I learned this particular lesson when I wasnââ¬â¢t able to get a good grade for one of my essays; thus, I have to always do my best in every essay that I write. Eventually my perseverance paid off, I got good grades for my subsequent essays. à à à à à à à à à à à English writing is not at all that complex if someone is there to assist you in your endeavor to learn the English language. The right person for the job is a first-rate English writing teacher. Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-57596287187701194972020-01-21T17:34:00.001-08:002020-01-21T17:34:03.546-08:00Role of US Military Action in President Bushs War Essay -- SeptemberRole of US Military Action in President Bush's War à à à à An observant 12 year old told the New York Times Magazine not long ago that, "War is not like one attack; it's a big deal." On September 11, 2001, America was the target of an attack that left over five thousand people dead and many more wounded. President Bush has since declared a war on terrorism, but unlike conventional wars, this one has no discrete enemy and must be fought on a number of different "fronts." Fighting a war on terrorism cannot be fought in the traditional sense, by the very definition of terrorism. Various fronts are necessary in America's fight against terrorism, taking the form of economic, political, and military actions. Worldwide cooperation against terrorism has proven to be unreliable, and it will be shown here, that America's insistence on military action, in light of faltering international cooperation, makes the use of force the most important front in President Bush's war on terrorism. à (2) President George W. Bush has said that the "war" against global terrorism is a matter of "good and evil." Evil is presumably to be characterized by "those who conduct terrorist acts against the United States, those who sponsor them, those who harbor them, and those who challenge freedom wherever it may exist." Terrorism however, is not war. War is a confrontation on clear lines between identified parties, where there is sustained and concerted military action by military personnel who use the material, weaponry and military tactics of war. According to President Bush's executive order, number 13224, the term terrorism is defined as: à (3) An activity that involves a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, property, or infrastru... ...k Times Magazines." New York Times 23 Sept. 2001: 77. 2. US Embassy Website. http://www.usembassy.bg/asset.html 3. Yahoo News. http://us.news2.yimg.com/f/42/31/7m/dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20010912/wl/attack_usa_pakistan_dc_4.html 4. Israeli Government Site. http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0k4q0 5. Terrorism. Executive Order 13224 Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Persons who Commit, Threaten to Commit, or support Terrorism 23. Sept. 2001: 2. 6. Terrorism Website. http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/sloan.shtml 7. White House Website. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html 8. Lexis Nexis. "Zambia; Abdullah Justifies India's Support of US Action against Afghanistan." Africa News Service, Inc. October 25, 2001. 9. Yahoo News (2). http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/ap/20011029/wl/attacks_saudi_1.html Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-88579091660421702952020-01-13T13:57:00.001-08:002020-01-13T13:57:04.251-08:00Compare the way love is presented in ââ¬ËValentineââ¬â¢ and ââ¬ËSonnet130ââ¬â¢ EssayCompare and contrast the way in which love is presented in the poems ââ¬Ëvalentineââ¬â¢ by Carol Ann Duffy and ââ¬Ësonnet 130ââ¬â¢ by William Shakespeare. In this essay I am going to compare and contrast the way in which love is presented in the poems ââ¬Ëvalentineââ¬â¢ by Carol Ann Duffy and ââ¬Ësonnet 130ââ¬â¢ by William Shakespeare. I will be drawing links of comparison and will explain the similarities and differences between them. The first poem ââ¬Ëvalentineââ¬â¢ was written by Carol Ann Duffy. It has no set rhythmic pattern and the stanzas are all different lengths. There are 7 stanzas in total. The title of the poem Valentineââ¬â¢ sounds very romantic and suggests that the poem is about hearts and roses and other items linked with the word valentine, however, once the first line is read this assumption is wiped away. The word satin from the first line ââ¬Ënot a red rose or a satin heartââ¬â¢ immediately makes the reader think of a romantic gift that is soft to the touch and quite luxurious. However the line starts with ââ¬Ënotââ¬â¢ suggesting that she is not going to give her lover a normal valentine present. This line is on its own which could mean that it is important and has been left on its own to stand out to the reader. The second stanza then starts by saying ââ¬ËI give you an onion. It is a moon wrapped in brown paperââ¬â¢. The writer uses juxtaposition to compare an onion to a ââ¬Ëmoon wrapped in brown paperââ¬â¢. The onion represents love and is symbolic and carol Ann Duffy makes the onion seem like a very special thing rather than just an onion. By saying that it is a ââ¬Ëmoon wrapped in brown paperââ¬â¢ it makes it sound like a present or a package waiting to be unwrapped. The next line ââ¬Ëit promises lightââ¬â¢ then goes back to the moon and light is normally seen as a special and good thing which represents their relationship. The stanza then ends by saying ââ¬Ëlike the careful undressing of loveââ¬â¢. This is an effective way of ending the stanza as she connects the onion to their relationship. This is because by saying ââ¬Ëcareful undressingââ¬â¢ she is referring to the layers of an onion whereas by mentioning love it goes back to their relationship and how there are different stages or ââ¬Ëlayersââ¬â¢ to it. The third stanza starts with a one worded line-ââ¬ËHereââ¬â¢. This is short and concise and calls the readerââ¬â¢s attention away from the description of the onion and starts to say what the onion would do. The next line, ââ¬ËIt will blind you with tears like a loverââ¬â¢, connects the onion to love and compares the way an onion makes you cry to how love can make you cry. The word ââ¬Ëblindââ¬â¢ is used as when people cry their eyesight becomes blurred and put off. The stanza ends by saying ââ¬Ëit will make your reflection a wobbling photo of griefââ¬â¢. This is because when you have been or are about to cry water build up in your eyes and makes you vision go wobbly and blurred. The next two stanzas are each only one line. The first reads ââ¬ËI am trying to be truthfulââ¬â¢. The word ââ¬Ëtryingââ¬â¢ suggests that it is the thought that counts and her gift of an onion has a lot of importance. ââ¬ËTruthfulââ¬â¢ could indicate that she wants to give a present that means more than a typical valentine present. The second stanza ââ¬Ënot a cute card or a kissogramââ¬â¢ is also only one line. This could be because the writer wanted to make an impact on the reader and wanted the line to stand out. The line links to the first stanza of the poem through the repetition of the word ââ¬Ënotââ¬â¢. It is also saying the same thing ââ¬â that she is not giving her lover a typical valentine gift, such as a ââ¬Ëcute cardââ¬â¢ which holds no importance or meaning. The sixth stanza begins with the use of repetition as it repeats the line ââ¬ËI give you an onionââ¬â¢ used in the beginning of the poem and refers back to the poems meaning. It could also suggest that carol Ann Duffy felt strongly about giving the onion and it held a lot of importance to her. The next line ââ¬Ëits fierce kiss will stay on your lipsââ¬â¢ implies the onion brings everlasting love. The word ââ¬Ëfierceââ¬â¢ relates Duffyââ¬â¢s passion to her lover, with an onion and by using the word ââ¬Ëkissââ¬â¢ she brings a romantic and passionate atmosphere to the stanza. The taste of an onion is sharp and stays on the lips for a long time, similarly to a kiss which is remembered and can be felt on your lips a long time after as it is an important part of the relationship. The following line is only three words ââ¬Ëpossessive and faithfulââ¬â¢ and is describing the kiss using very powerful adjectives that make an impact on the reader. She is saying that it is not an ordinary kiss but one with a deeper meaning which relates to an onion and how it leaves a strong taste on your lips. Duffy ends the stanza with ââ¬Ëas we are, as long as we areââ¬â¢ stating that she hopes her love will last forever however know that it may not. The final stanza of the poem starts with a short line that reads ââ¬Ëtake itââ¬â¢. This is left on its own to stand out to the reader and is in a commanding tone. It shows that it is important to Duffy that her lover takes the onion. The consecutive line ââ¬Ëits platinum loops shrink to a wedding ringââ¬â¢ refer to the loops of an onion that get smaller as you go up the onion. By using the word ââ¬Ëplatinumââ¬â¢ which is very precious she is making the onion seem much more valuable than it is. ââ¬ËIf you likeââ¬â¢ then changes the tone of the poem as she is giving her lover a choice whereas in the first line she was ordering him. The nest line ââ¬Ëlethalââ¬â¢ is saying that love can be dangerous and it has been left on its own to stand out to the reader. The final two lines are ââ¬Ëits scent will cling to you fingers, Cling to your knife. The word ââ¬Ëclingââ¬â¢ sounds like it will not let go. The next poem, sonnet 130, was written by William Shakespeare. Unlike ââ¬Ëvalentineââ¬â¢ there is a set rhythmic pattern in the beginning of the poem (ABABCDCDEFEFetc.) however changes to rhyming couplets in the last two lines to make them stand out and show their importance to the reader. ââ¬ËSonnet 130ââ¬â¢ like ââ¬Ëvalentineââ¬â¢ also compares love with strange objects for example; he describes his mistressââ¬â¢s hair as ââ¬Ëblack wiresââ¬â¢ which is not normally associated with beauty. It suggests that her hair is thick and wiry. Throughout the poem he criticises her in this way. By doing this he could be suggesting that beauty isnââ¬â¢t only skin deep and there is more to a relationship than looks. He believes that his love for her is rare and he accepts how she looks in an honest way because he loves her. Shakespeare also uses strong and powerful words, like ââ¬Ëvalentineââ¬â¢, however uses it differently. While Duffy uses words such as ââ¬Ëpossessiveââ¬â¢ to describe an onion, Shakespeare uses words like ââ¬Ësnowââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ërosesââ¬â¢ which create imagery. These words can be used by the reader to create their own image in their mind. Most of the words he uses such as ââ¬Ësunââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ësnowââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ërosesââ¬â¢ represent good things and relate to happiness. However he says that his lover is the opposite of all theses things and therefore the reader creates a negative image of his lover in their head. He also uses juxtaposition but in a different way to carol Ann Duffy. Duffy uses juxtaposition by comparing love with an onion throughout the poem however in ââ¬Ësonnet 130ââ¬â¢ Shakespeare uses juxtaposition in each line, contrasting objects with positive imagery with his mistress however saying that she is the opposite of them, for example, ââ¬Ëbut no such roses see I in her cheeksââ¬â¢. Shakespeare juxtaposes beauty to ugliness which makes this line effective. This contrast changes the tone of the poem. Roses are used to represent beauty and delicateness, however Shakespeare juxtaposes this by saying the woman does not remind him of roses. This suggests that his mistress is not beautiful. To conclude, I feel that ââ¬Ëvalentineââ¬â¢ was a much more effective poem as Duffy managed to get a lot of meaning out of just an onion and she used a lot of powerful language such as ââ¬Ëpossessiveââ¬â¢. She also used many metaphors and similes and although the poem did not rhyme, the range and different lengths of stanzas had a good effect as it made certain things stand out. ââ¬ËSonnet 130ââ¬â¢ was also an enjoyable poem to read as it had a good rhythm throughout and had a lot of deep meanings to it. It also had good use of juxtaposition and the words used helped created imagery inside the readers mind. However, it was not as interesting as ââ¬Ëvalentineââ¬â¢ and did not express as much emotion. Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-80023342743934720782020-01-05T10:21:00.001-08:002020-01-05T10:21:04.035-08:00Criminology Criminal Justice System - 1117 Words Criminology Defined: An in Depth Look of the Criminal Justice System in the U.S. Criminology is defined by the book Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, which was written by author Dr. Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., as ââ¬Å"the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offendersâ⬠(Schmalleger, 2006, p. 20). People look at criminology in a big concept of criminal prevention but criminology in itself carries a wide variety of functions in treating crime and providing punishment to those who commit crimes. Crime increases when the population increases, which means the more populated and situated the place is the more crime effective the place maybe. Although crime is relevant towards the peopleâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Many people died with their bodies lost within time, criminals roam free, and people were suffering from high crime rates as there was no enforcing that was done during those early days. Even though policing has existed throughout history, from the Roman era of policing to the Japanese f orm of policing, organization of law enforcement wasnââ¬â¢t done properly until the early 1600ââ¬â¢s. The U.S. form of policing originated from the English Anglo-Saxon common law, bringing its system of sheriffs, constables, and police organization. Dr. Schmalleger states in his book that ââ¬Å"the history of American policing can be divided into three different eras. Each era can be distinguished from the others by the relative dominance of a particular administrative approach to police operationsâ⬠(Schmalleger, 2006, pg. 122). These eras are the political era, the reform era, and the era of community problem solving. These different type of eras helped shape the policing styles that the United States Criminal Justice system carries through the modern age of law enforcing. Over the years policing has been revised and renewed as time passes. As more people migrate to the United States, the threat of criminal activity increases with the population. Different cultural structures are involved and the criminal justice system has to keep up with how the people work, to help fix and solve the crimes and enforce the law to its citizens without a strong sense of separation Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-47163135635543842642019-12-28T06:46:00.001-08:002019-12-28T06:46:03.551-08:00Essay on George Orwells Animal Farm - 569 Words I personally thought animal farm was a really good book. It was a simple, easy to read story. The analysis of this book is pretty easy to figure out. Animal farm represents Communism in Russia and it is just being retold in his book by farm animals. Every part of Joseph Sterlings rise to power is in this book. The Russian Revolution represents the animals overthrowing Mr. Jones. Old Major (a boar) gathers the animals of the manor farm together for a meeting in the barn. He tells all of them of the dream he had. That all animals lived together in a community with no humans to take control of them. He tells them that they must work towards this paradise and teaches them a song called Beasts of England in which his dram was described.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦At the meeting to vote on whether to build the windmill, Snowball gives a passionate speech that seems to have won the day. But Napoleon gives a strange signal and nine attack dogs-the puppies Napoleon has been educating-burst in to the barn and attack Snowball, chasing him from the farm. Napoleon becomes the leader of Animal Farm, and declares that there will be no more meetings, from now on, the pigs will make all the decisions in private-for everyones best interest. Napoleon changes his mind about the windmill, and the animals, especially Boxer, devote their efforts to completing it. After a storm one night, the windmill is found toppled. Them human farmers in the area declare smugly that the animals made the walls too thin, but Napoleon claims that Snowball returned to the farm to sabotage the windmill. He stages a great purge during which an animal found to be in Snowballs great conspiracy-meaning any animal who opposes Napoleons uncontested leadership-is killed by the dogs. His leadership unquestioned (Boxer makes Napoleon is always right his second maxim), Napoleon begins to act more and more like a human being-sleeping in a bed, drinking whisky, and engaging in trade with neighboring farmers. His propagandist, the pig Squealer, justifies every action to the common animals, , convincing them that Napoleon is a great leader-this despite the fact that they are cold, hungry, overworked and miserable. Mr. Frederick, a neighboringShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm701 Words à |à 3 Pageswith what he was told. George Orwellââ¬â¢s Animal Farm is about Manor Farm that is seized by its maltreated animals that set up their own government in the now renamed ââ¬Å"Animal Farmâ⬠. There are many animals on this farm, including Benjamin, a donkey who is quite old, Clover, a horse who is not very bright, and the two main leaders, pigs named Napoleon and Snowball. Napoleon and Snowball create this new government with seven commandments, the last commandant being that ââ¬Å"All animals are equalâ⬠. But when NapoleonRead MoreGeorge Orwells Animal Farm Essays2826 Words à |à 12 PagesGeorge Orwell includes a strong message in his novel Animal Farm that is easily recognizable. Orwellââ¬â¢s Animal Farm focuses on two primary problems that were not only prominent in his WWII society, but also posed as reoccurring issues in all societies past and present. O rwellââ¬â¢s novel delivers a strong political message about class structure and oppression from the patriarchal society through an allegory of a farm that closely resembles the Soviet Union. George Orwell wrote Animal Farm: A Fairy StoryRead MoreElements in George Orwells Animal Farm861 Words à |à 4 PagesAnimal Farm, written by George Orwell, depicts a group of animals who plot to destroy their master, Mr. Jones. The oldest and wisest pig on the farm, Old Major, told the other animals a story about a revolt called, The Rebellion. The pigs, which were considered to be the most intelligent of all the animals, devised a plan and successfully conquered Manor Farm. The animals ran the farm effectively, with the pigs overseeing and constantly developing new ideas. One pig, Snowball, was in favorRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm1142 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬Å"Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it,â⬠said Spanish philosopher George Santayana. This brilliant message shows to be present in George Orwellââ¬â¢s satirical novel Animal Farm. In this book, Orwell uses farm animals to illustrate the true nature of the communist S oviet Union under Joseph Stalin. There are many examples in this book and in real life that show the truth of aforementioned Santayanaââ¬â¢s statement, for if one does not remember the past, they are only allowing it toRead MoreGeorge Orwells 1984 And Animal Farm1994 Words à |à 8 Pages George Orwellââ¬â¢s 1984 and Animal Farm share a very important theme and common elements that shape the idea of an Orwellian society. Orwellian is widely described as a society in which the liberties of all are diminished due to powerful rule. Orwell conveys the theme of ââ¬Å"Many believe that manââ¬â¢s actions result from his free will, the presentation/perception of what is fact, remains dominant over society s actions.â⬠through parallel elements of repression of information, fear propaganda, and languageRead MoreGeorge Orwells Animal Farm582 Words à |à 2 PagesElie Wiesel in Night and Snowball from Animal Farm are very similar characters because they were victimized by t yrants and used as scapegoats, but they are also unique and individual characters because Elie knew he was being taken advantage of and Snowball did not. Animal Farm is written by George Orwell, and it is about a farm of animals that take over the farm. Napoleon, a large pig, slowly takes away food and supplies from the other animals until he starts walking on two feet and becomes a ââ¬Å"humanRead More George Orwells Animal Farm Essay2355 Words à |à 10 PagesGeorge Orwells Animal Farm Mollie- Represents the rich and noble of Russia at the time (esp. the Czar and his family). Those who fled Revolutionist Russia, because they had had a better life beforehand, and were un-willing to accept change. The messages that Orwell is trying to express through Mollie are directly opposite to the actions which are displayed through Benjamin. Although they were both unwilling to accept change, their actions were very different. The message that OrwellRead More Messages of George Orwells Animal Farm Essay1412 Words à |à 6 PagesMessages of George Orwells Animal Farm Though Animal Farm can be considered nothing more than a charming animal fable depicting a doomed rebellion, its origin is actually of a more serious and political nature. It is not only the tale of Napoleon and Animal Farm, but a satire and commentary on that of the Russian Revolution, Stalin and Communism. For a person to gain a true understanding of Orwells meaning in Animal Farm, it is best that he or she has an understanding of the political partiesRead More The Warnings in George Orwells Animal Farm Essay1248 Words à |à 5 PagesGeorge Orwells Animal Farm George Orwells goal in writing the novel Animal Farm was to portray the events surrounding the Russian revolution that took place in 1917. Orwells tale of Animal Farm is seemingly a story of how a group of farmyard animals plot to overthrow their owner and seize control of the land. The novel seems to be a simple story, however Orwell wrote this book as an allegory, a story that has a clear secondary meaning beneath is literal sense. Everything in Animal Farm isRead MoreThe Power Of Power In George Orwells Animal Farm764 Words à |à 4 Pages133). In George Orwells allegorical novella Animal Farm, a successful rebellion, was held against the Mr. Jones (the farm owner), as he mistreated the animals. After the expulsion of Mr. Jones, the farm lacked a figure of authority, so the pigs stepped up to that position as they were the most literate and the cleverest among the animals. Slowly it progressed to a state where the pigs had absolute power over the lives of the animals and the farm . Which led to a situation where the animals had to agree Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-19849194527323210582019-12-20T02:34:00.001-08:002019-12-20T02:34:02.354-08:00Can Nine Minimum Criteria Be Used for a Democracy in Yemen... Schmitter and Karl (1991) listed Robert Dahls seven minimum criteria for a political democracy and developed two of their own (p. 247). Most of the nine criteria, if not all, are irrelevant in my assigned countries, since both my assigned countries are non-democratic. Criteria one gives elected officials constitutional power to make policy. Under this criteria, Yemen and Saudi both differ. Saudi Arabia has a Shura council, which is an advisory body, but they do not enact and enforce laws, only the King can. In Yemen, there are elected officials and a parliament; however, the power they have is also limited. The second criteria guarantees fair elections with no coercion. In both countries, one cannot safely say that elections areâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Criteria seven is difficult to analyze, this criteria is the right of citizens to form and be part of groups or assemblies, and to organize and be part of organizations. Both countries claim that they have a pluralistic pol itical system, and that many parties are allowed to organize and be part of the political system. However, many reports show that this might not necessarily be true. Saudi Arabia and Yemen are very influenced by Islamic law; thus, liberal or secular political parties are naturally suppressed. However, when it comes to the private business sector, Saudi Arabia seems to be more flexible. The country has private schools, private hospitals, and private pharmacies. For example, the Saudi German hospital in Jeddah, which is one of the best private hospitals not just in the country by also in the region (International Hospitals Construction Co. Ltd. [IHCC], n.d.). Moreover, Saudi Arabia has multiple private schools, such as the American International School in the capital Riyadh (U.S. Department of State, n.d.). These organizations are allowed to function with considerable flexibility within the country. Yemen also has a developing private sector. Recently a group of NGOs as well as government representatives organized a meeting in Saudi to discuss the private sector as well the humanitarian situation inShow MoreRelatedDoing Business in the Asia/Pacific Rim Region31325 Words à |à 126 Pagesdevelopment capacity â⬠¢ Unlikely to proceed without some form of investment incentive â⬠¢ Viable in the long-term without subsidy â⬠¢ Complementary to Australiaââ¬â¢s areas of competitive advantage â⬠¢ Consistent with Australiaââ¬â¢s international obligations. Incentives can be in the form of taxable grants, tax relief, tax deduction or the provision of infrastructure services at discounted rates. Through Invest Australiaââ¬â¢s Regional Headquarters (RHQ) program the Federal Government also offers special incentives to encourage Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-62092610815829959822019-12-11T23:13:00.001-08:002019-12-11T23:13:05.122-08:00Israel And Syria Essay Example For Students Israel And Syria Essay The Struggle For Peace in the Middle East Continues The Golan region, whichlies between Israel and Syria, has been a place of much heated contention formany years. While the Middle East does seem in constant disarray, recent reportsare showing that Syrian people are not worried over the recent delays in peacetalks. Certain things are for sure though: Israel realizes it must return toSyria some of the Golan region, which it has controlled since the 1967occupation took place during the Six-Day War. Under recent United Statessponsorship, talks have only one month ago resumed and are still stalled for themoment, but it appears that both Israelis and Syrians are prospective that anagreement will be reached. It seems that the areas inhabitants are movingfrom warring to negotiating. The Golan Heights could be described as a desolateyet scenic stretch of land. The state of Israel was officially established in1948 with a northeastern border enveloping the Sea of Galilee and shadowing theweste rn edge of The Golan, a steep ridge belonging at the time to neighborSyria. The Golan Heights is about a 460 square mile area that is now occupied bysome 17,000 Israelis and nearly the same number of Syrian Druze who have nevergiven up their nationality. In 1995, Israel led many to believe that they wouldwithdraw from Golan in exchange for peace agreements and specific securityarrangements. The United States, realizing an opportunity to further stabilizethe situation in the Middle East in the interests of the world economy, haveceded a certain compromising attitude with Syria. Contrary to past relations,Syria has hailed the U.S. efforts at the negotiation table, citing the U.S. asbehaving less like a mediator and more like a partner with each of the disputingparties. I believe it shows that the U.S. recognizes the strife endured by theSyrians in the loss of this territory even though it happened over thirty yearsago. The Syrian government-controlled media has duly noted the recent A mericanactions. Syria has long awaited the chance to more directly enlist the U.S. government in resolving the issues. One Syrian media official commented, Inour political view, this means the U.S.A. is serious about reaffirming itscommitment to achieve a comprehensive and just peace. This is an example ofthe U.S. admitting its belief that Israel must give some to get some, even if itmeans giving something important back to once vehement enemies. Some of theissues at hand, on a more local level, include Syrian requirements for awithdrawal of Israel forces occupying southern Lebanon by July 7 of this year. Syria itself has 35,000 troops stationed in Lebanon. If forced to withdraw fromLebanon and the Golan region, Israel demands that Syrian support for themilitant Shiite Muslim group Hezbollah cease immediately. Northern Israel hasbeen subject to a multitude of attacks by Lebanese Hezbollah, including bombingsand rocket attacks. In addition to more peaceful relations, Israel is expectinga more diplomatic relation with Syria in an attempt to avoid a ?cold peacesituation. Finally, there is the issue of the Sea of Galilee and who will retaincontrol over the major water supply in the region. Many countries suffer fromcyclical water shortages and Israel wants a guarantee that no interference withthe sea and the Jordan River system will occur once withdrawn from the GolanHeights. With so much at stake, proper security will be required to oversee thephased withdrawal. Recently, Israel opted for a proposed early-warning radarsystem to be built in the Golan, and Syria has agreed to this so long asAmerican civilians man the site. Trade agreements are also at stake between thedisputing countries, as well as border control and movement across the restatedborder. This ever-evolving situation is a perfect example of how a relativelytiny stretch of land can affect the global peace process. To the people directlyinvolved, who live in the area, its all a matter of what government loyaltiesgo to, and pursuit of a way of life. Peace in this region though, could be astepping-stone toward ending a seemingly eternal struggle between the Arab andJewish populations occupying the region. Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-73974320444671751482019-12-04T10:55:00.001-08:002019-12-04T10:55:03.439-08:00Psyched out Essay Example For Students Psyched out Essay Seattles Alice B. calls itself a gay and lesbian theatre for all people. Nothing the group has produced in its nine-year history better exemplifies what that phrase might mean than Sub Rosa. Sub Rosa started out with writer-director Nikki Appinos desire to explore the material and atmosphere of German cabaret between the World Wars, and the show that closed Alice B.s 1992-93 season in June still exhibited faint suggestions of that notion: The shabby interior of the Pioneer Square Theater was got up like a grotty basement after-hours club, and there was enough eye-shadow and leather on the boys and girls strolling among the cafe tables to satisfy a Bob Fosse, if not a Reza Abdoh. But from the first slashing notes of Jim Raglands score and the first blizzard of projected images and texts across Dan Corsons constructivist set, Sub Rosa all but abandoned the much-trodden ground of 20s Weimar for a far deeper dig: down to the very roots of Western secular mysticism. The tale of the love of Cupid and Psychethe narrative to which Sub Rosa anchored its excavationfirst turns up embedded in the florid second-century Latin of Apuleius Golden Ass. Anthropologists say that the story of the three princess sisters, a mysterious nocturnal bridegroom and terrible trials leading to a happy ending is the oldest example of pure folktale in the Indo-European tradition. By Apuleius time, the fable had accumulated five centuries worth of philosophical baggage, with the final wedding of Cupid (Eros) and Psyche (Soul) representing the mystical union of spirit and flesh as envisioned by the later followers of Plato. Neo-Platonism pervades the Jewish Cabbala, the musings of medieval Muslim clerics, the output of Renaissance thinkers like Pico della Mirandola and Renaissance painters like Botticelli (his Primavera is neo-Platonist allegory throughout). But when Latin ceased to be the universal language of the West, the West lost access to its native non-Christian mystical tradition. In Sub Rosa, Nikki Appino and co-writer-director Kristen Newbom put us back directly in touch with these lost mythic roots, and the sizzle of understanding is immediate and electric. Amphetamine vaudeville At first it seems there must be some point to the role of Venus (Cupids mom) being played in slenderly sinuous beaded-scarlet drag by Christopher Johnson, while spunky, randy Cupid is rendered by a boyish but unmistakably feminine Alyce LaTourelle. Only when the shows over does ones spinning brain have leisure to realize that the cross-gender casting doesnt matteror rather that it matters only because it doesnt matter. The searching soul at the center of this story may be embodied by the amply feminine Amy Perry, but it doesnt have a gender. Stage evocations of deep myth tend to be solemn even when not somnolent. But Sub Rosa moves like an amphetamine vaudeville, keeping the surface playful and trusting its audience to make the deep connections. Perry plays Psyche (Kitty in this version) as Marilyn-through-the-looking-glass. As both her wicked sisters simultaneously, Sarah Harlet turns raging schizophrenia to theatrical account. Bodies fly from high platforms to flop on mattresses in the audiences lap, turn to shadow puppets shriveling and inflating on a moving screen, clamber, gallop, mince, strut. Seashells turn telephone, a fish-tank bursts into flame: Hellzapoppin with a higher purpose. The narrative rush is relieved from time to time by meditative episodes that seem almost overheard, messages from altogether elsewhere. In form theyre letters, between one Miss Spoon (Johnson again) and a Mr. Knife (John Holyoke, who also plays the the General, Miss Kittys Zeust-the-Thunder father). In contrast to the bulk of the show, on-the-razzle and in-your-face, these letters are almost repressed in tone, and all the more passionately felt for that fact. Its as if two wartime lovers, divided by half the world and the censor, are trying to convey all their carnal longing through the dry medium of everyday words. In the last moments of the play, the two worlds, of Knife and Spoon, of soul and flesh, come together in a shadow image of a power far beyond words. .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .postImageUrl , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:hover , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:visited , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:active { border:0!important; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:active , .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2 .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb8c1a3469e41e7ad74e25f4017f49a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Not in Front of the Audience: Homosexuality on Stage EssayMounted on a vestigial budget, Sub Rosa looked like a million. It came together almost entirely in the rehearsal hall, with its technical and visual overlay created to fit what came out of workshop, not, as usual, the other way around. Irreverent and breathless There have been precedents for this kind of theatrically adventurous work at Alice B.: Rick Rankins deconstruction of American history Louisiana Purchase in 1988, and the plotless exploration of the links between the sexual dominance and political violence in Governing Bodies of 1989, both directed by Rankins Alice B. co-founder Susan Finque. But the most inspiring thing about Sub Rosa was the way it transcended the usual boundaries of gay theatre without compromising the companys essential mission. In its wild, irreverent and breathless way, Sub Rosa sprang from the same impulses as Platos Symposium. And perhaps the comparison is less far-fetched than it appears: After all, Plato disguised his profound exploration of the multivalent mystery of love as a record of a drunken dinner-party. Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-61256042826667318902019-11-28T02:08:00.001-08:002019-11-28T02:08:04.271-08:00Compare and Contrast of Macbeth Essay ExampleCompare and Contrast of Macbeth Paper Behavior of Macbeth Macbeth was not always the cold-blooded killer that one may depict in the later acts of Macbeth. At the start of the play, Macbeth could be described as a loyal hero who aimed at serving his king. However, when Macbeth came across the opportunity to seize the throne, he capitalized on it. After killing the king Macbeth changes personality and becomes extremely paranoid. I believe if Macbeth would have stayed loyal and respected the king, Scotland would have stayed peaceful. Macbeth murdered King Duncan in order to fulfill his prophecy of being king, as the witches informed him. Another detail of the prophecy to consider is Banquds future. The witches say to him Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none, meaning, mfou will never be King of Scotland, but your descendants will. Macbeth takes a mental note of this statement and the Jealousy eats away at his morals. Due to Macbeths paranoia after killing King Duncan, he makes a rash decision and sends wo murderers to seek out Banquo and his son. Although Banquds son, Fleance, escapes, the murderers execute Banquo. The paranoia of Macbeth becomes more noticeable as the play progresses, an example being the banquet scene at his residence. He has uncontrolled outbursts alarming all of the guests present at his home. Macbeth becomes unstable and is not able to continue with the dinner. He would have never acted in such a way had he not murdered King Duncan and Banquo. Macduff beheads Macbeth, seeking revenge or the murders of his wife and children, after Macbeth defeats Young Siward in battle. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast of Macbeth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast of Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast of Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Malcolm is crowned King of Scotland after Macbeth is overthrown. Shortly after, Malcolm begins to feel like a target to his Jealous brother, Donalbain. Malcolm takes action and executes his own brother. Worried that his decision may be questioned, Malcolm recruits two murderers and sends them to kill anyone who raises suspicion. Scotland falls into shambles as the newly crowned king follows in the footsteps of Macbeth. Scotland is described as a peaceful land while the well-respected King Duncan reigned. However, the murder of King Duncan can be directly related to the fall of Scotland. Before learning of the Kings death, Lennox predicts the upcoming disorder, signified by nature. Scotland is thrown into a state of upheaval as Macbeth reins king. Consider the circumstance that Lady Macbeth did not push Macbeth into committing the murder. I believe that Scotland remains serene under the rule of King Duncan. Compare and Contrast of Macbeth By tonydz24 Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-70343575689731993972019-11-24T09:42:00.001-08:002019-11-24T09:42:03.728-08:00John Donne Poetry Essay ExampleJohn Donne Poetry Essay Example John Donne Poetry Essay John Donne Poetry Essay Essay Topic: Donne Poems JOHN DONNE, we sometimes forget, was an Elizabethan. Scholars do well to warn us against over-simplifying the pattern of literary change into a simple succession ofmovements and reactions, and to remind us that in periods of heightened vitality developments in different directions often exist side by side. 1 By no means all of what we now consider typically Elizabethan poetry was in existence when Donne began to write. It remains true, nevertheless, that Donne chose to do something different from his predecessors and from those of his contemporaries who were still exploiting and developing the existing modes; and younger followers like. Carew looked back on this choice as revolt or form: The Muses garden with Pedantique weedes Orspred, was purgd by thee; The lazie seeds Ofservile imitation throwne away And fresh invention planted . An Elegit upon the death of the Deane of Pauls, DrJohn Donne Modem students ofrhetoric have argued that Donnes innovations did not run counter to contemporary rules,2 but even if he is to be regarded as implementing existing theoretical possibilities, his practice remains the kind ofnew departure which marks a decisive alteration in the course of literary history. In considering the nature of Donnes poetic originality, it is common to begin with his development of the metaphysical conceit. Yet there is a great deal to say on the subject ofhis verse style before broaching the topic of imagery at all. The first point likely to strike the reader who comes to Donne from the smooth fluency of the average Elizabethan lyric or sonnet is the surprising directness of the speaking voice conveyed by his rhythms and diction: For Godsake hold your tongue, and let me love, Or chide my palsie, or my gout, My five gray haires, or ruind fortune ? lout, 98 THE POEMS OF JOHN DONNE With wealth your state, your minde with Arts improve. Take you a course, get you a place, Observe his honour, or his grace, Or the Kings reall, or his stamped face Contemplate, what you will, approve, So you will let me love. The Canonization Here the occasional inversions of normal speeeh-order and the fact that line 4 by itself might come from an eighteenth-century couplet hardly affect our general impression that technique and conception are essentially dramatic; the colloquial outburst of line I, the heavy stresses on palsie and gout, the contemptuous alliteration ofline 3, above all the play of an exasperated splutter of short phrases across the intricate stanza form, all impose on the reader the desired emphasis, tone, and mood. Plainly the aim here is not sweetness, grace, or verbal melody, either for its own sake or to accommodate any pQSoO sible musician who, as Donne complains in The Triple Poole, his art and voice to show Doth Set and sing my paine. It is rather a realistic expressiveness of the kind developed in the I590S by the dramatists, above all by Shakespeare, and nothing quite like it had previously appeared in lyric poetry,s in spite of certain foreshadowings in Wyatt. As in dramatic verse, the aim of realism is, of course, not absolute; whatever metrical licences are taken, the pattern ofline and stanza remains, to reinforce, modify, or generally play against the rhythms of speech with the effects of heightened intensity and concentration proper to poetry. When we speak of realistic expressiveness we use a shorthand term for the maximum of realistic expressiveness compatible with a sense of artistic form. Donnes lyrics have a music of their own, though the immediate effect is of vivid speech rather than song: Deare love, for nothing lesse than thee Would I have broke this happy dreame, It was a theame For reason, much too strong for phantasie, Therefore thou wakdst me wisely; yet 99 PART THRBB My Dreame thou brokst not, but continuedst it, Thou art so truth, that thoughts of thee suffice, To make dreams truths; and fables histories; Enter these armes, for since thou thoughtst it best, Not to dreame all my dreame, lets act the rest. The Dreame That Donne could write with a simple lyrical sweetness when he chose is shown by one or two songs to existing airs, especially Sweetest love, I do not goe, For weariness of thee, though even here his originality comes out in the careful subtlety of the poems argument. He was a conscious artist, and his avoidance of conventional fluency of movement and courtliness of diction must be assumed to be deliberate. As with the lyric stanza, so in his satires and degies with the couplet, Donne makes use oflicences similar to those ofdramatic blank verse. Always the formal devices ofpoetry metre, rhyme, alliteration, and other effects of sound are made to serve an expressive purpose; a constant control of pause, stress, and tempo works to the same end. Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-28757051753119769762019-11-21T07:06:00.001-08:002019-11-21T07:06:15.606-08:00Are women treated fairly in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsAre women treated fairly in the workplace - Essay Example No matter up to what extent the women are given freedom and the issue of gender discrimination is addressed, women will always have to face gender inequality. Women working in offices have to face a number of problems and issues particularly relating to the wages and job promotions (DeLaat, 1999). The women working in offices claimed that although they work equally as men but they were not given equal pays and privileges like their men counterparts. Many surveys have been conducted in order to find out what women feel regarding their treatment in various workplaces and the conclusion of nearly all the surveys was same, which was that the women felt that they were not being given equal rights, facilities and favors as the men in the same position were being given (Samuels, 1995). The European commission also declared that although much effort has been made to eliminate gender discrimination but women have not being given the equal status as men in the work market. It was also said that although the women work equally as the men, and in fact in some cases the women end up doing more work than men in the same positions, but womenââ¬â¢s work is less valued and is not much appreciated. It is generally considered that women are only capable of doing jobs which are related to care, hospitality, cleaning and social working. Women are usually not hired on managerial positions and other higher posts in the office because it is a general perception that women cannot do such jobs efficiently. Although women have a number of other duties to oblige to apart from work, yet the women put in all their efforts to produce the best work but still it is thought that the women are not able to produce efficient results for the concerned companies (Bradley, 1999). It can be summed up to say that in majority of the cases the women feel that they are not being equally treated and are not being given the same accommodation and convenience as their male Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-5483280440142423132019-11-20T08:22:00.001-08:002019-11-20T08:22:05.090-08:00MGMT499 U4 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsMGMT499 U4 DB - Research Paper Example Proper management is also essential in enhancing business success (Wright, 2014). Apple Inc. has embraced proper management through teamwork in order to increase their sale capacity. Through their dedicated teamwork, Apple Inc. has become a leading company in the world. Increase in the cost of acquiring new and innovative technology is a major event that could cause a negative impact to the company. Increase in the production cost leads to a decrease in the profit margin. Low-profit margin is a major factor that affects business success (Long, 2014). If there is a negative effect due to the high cost of purchasing innovative technology, the company can respond through increasing the price of their products. Change in leadership is another event that could happen leading to a negative impact to the company. Vertical form of leadership prevents teamwork in the company. In this case, subordinate employees are denied chances to engage in decision-making processes of the company. This approach lowers the capacity of the company to become successful. If there is a negative impact due to lack of teamwork, the company can allow workers to engage in decision-making in order to enhance business success. Teamwork allows the company to change it strategies in order to acquire higher market share. Staff members in the company participate in the production of high-quality product and offering standard services, which boost their success (Long, 2014). Wright, F. (2014). Factors Impacting on Business Success. Retrieved September 17, 2014, from Entrepreneur: Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-68182206752628297692019-11-17T23:05:00.001-08:002019-11-17T23:05:03.255-08:00The End of the Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsThe End of the Vietnam War - Essay Example Nixon declared in 1969 that he would prolong the American involvement in the Vietnam War, in order to conclude the conflict and acquire ââ¬Å"peace with honorâ⬠for the United States and for its partner, South Vietnam (U.S. Department of State, no date). Nixon defined his policy as ââ¬Å"Vietnamization,â⬠where the South Vietnamese aimed to attain greater combat functions, as Americans slowly withdrew from Vietnam (Simon, 2002). Vietnamization needed time, however, and to buy time, Nixon convinced the American public that the war had to be extended to attain peace. His popular vote margin in the 1968 election was ââ¬Å"razor thin,â⬠but to his advantage, the Democratic coalition was devastated in 1968 and political opportunities abounded (Simon, 2002). The administration maximized these opportunities through a ââ¬Å"politics of polarization,â⬠where they tapped the ââ¬Å"silent majority,â⬠while trying to isolate opponents and categorize them as differen t forms of extremists (Simon, 2002). This included defining the efforts of the anti-war movement in negative ways and maligning the media, whose role in influencing the support for the war had increased. America prolonged the war through bombing North Vietnam after failed negotiations efforts. Communist North Vietnam's leaders believed that they had time enough to delay the negotiations, which they did. In March 1972, they tried to sidestep negotiations altogether with a full-scale incursion of the South (U.S. Department of State, no date). The United States called it as the Easter Offensive and the North Vietnamese seemed to win. By late summer, nonetheless, Nixon's used American air power to dent the offensive. In response to this air power, the North Vietnamese started to negotiate once more (U.S. Department of State, no date). In early October, American and North Vietnamese representatives had a meeting in Paris. By October 11, they generated a peace agreement. The key component s included a cease-fire in place 24 hours after signing the agreement; U.S. forces and all foreign troops would pull out from South Vietnam no later than 60 days after signing the agreement; and American prisoners would be released concurrently with the pulling out of American and foreign forces. On October 22, South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu stopped the talks. He did not support the cease-fire agreement, because it left thousands of North Vietnamese soldiers in South Vietnam, who could strategically continue the war, as the Americans departed (U.S. Department of State, no date). To get Thieuââ¬â¢s support, the Americans restarted negotiations with the North Vietnamese. The North Vietnamese got offended and negotiated other issues too and by December, the talks caved in. The War Raged On Nixon argued that with failed diplomacy, only force can be used to force Hanoi to negotiate with the United States. The President instructed his military commanders to mine Haiphong H arbor and to begin a nonstop air campaign in the Hanoi-Haiphong region. On December 26, the North Vietnamese decided to renegotiate with the U.S. on early January. On January 1973, the Americans and North Vietnamese reached a settlement and all parties signed the final agreement in Paris on January 27. America, however, was the only one who Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1893828385245007502.post-40315115072506283902019-11-15T11:36:00.001-08:002019-11-15T11:36:06.238-08:00Syntactical Structure Of The Language Of LawSyntactical Structure Of The Language Of Law 1. Introduction Legal language. Once an almost magical language of words of stipulation and oaths that should have impressed its subjects and submit them in awe to its absolute obedience. Now, it may be said that the awe has disappeared, but the magic of the language of the law somehow persists, mainly due to its so called vices unintelligibility or wordiness. Everyday situations and relationships are governed by law whether people like it or not. Legal positivism argues that all our actions are covered by law (i.e. legislation, legal principles derived from judicial decisions in Common Law, or contracts) based on the principle that what is not prohibited by the law is permitted (see for example Weinberger 1995). Making pirouettes on the roof of my house every day at five oclock in the morning would be considered ââ¬Ëlegal because there is no law prohibiting such an activity. But let me present a less absurd example. Even by getting on the bus, though not in writing, individuals conclude a contr act with the transportation agency. In every tram or bus a list of business terms can be found an official-looking piece of paper divided in articles, sections or paragraphs, full of rights and obligations of the transporter as well as the customer. The society is inter-bound by an enormous number of agreements, arrangements and contracts, stating or implying rights and duties of its parties. To give them the mark of formality, to regulate them and to enforce them, there is the Law with its provisions. As the main functions of the law are the performative and normative (Cao 2007, 13-15), it is necessary for law to be able to communicate its norms to their addresses. This happens through language. In everyday situations, the Law and the language of its norms, regulations and laws priests lawyers are still somewhere near. Internationalisation of society has brought closer contacts among foreign countries in various aspects. Legal relationships are one of them. The European Union as well as the states themselves produce a large amount of legislation with which the companies and individuals have to deal. Still, an important part of legal relationships is carried out by means of ââ¬Ëprivate regulations set by bi- or multi-lateral contracts by the individuals themselves (within a given legal context). Therefore, translating these contracts becomes a big issue and the main activity of numerous translation agencies. Nowadays, English is the Latin of today. It is the main language of international trade and commerce. It is not only the language of contracts when one of their parties comes from an English-speaking environment but even when no native English-speaking party is involved. Although in certain cases English serves as the ââ¬Ëneutral language of legal agreements, the general understanding of English is not at such a level that they would not need to be translated to peoples mother tongues. Apart from that, legal English and ordinary English are not identical languages (Gubby 2007, 9) and the mastery of ordinary English does not mean a mastery of legal English. This thesis deals with the characteristics of legal Czech and legal English within their legal environments and problems of translation between them. The first part (Chapters 2, 3 and 4) introduces the legal language in general and analyzes the specifics of legal Czech and legal English. Chapter 5 deals with the translation of legal texts and sources of difficulties in legal translation. The second part of this thesis focuses on contracts a sub-genre of legal texts. Chapter 6 defines the place of contracts among other legal texts and deals with the stylistic specifics of contracts in general. Chapter 7 introduces and analyzes the experiment. The experiment is based on an analysis of translations of contracts by translation agencies who advertise their competence in legal translation. It seeks to find out what the general quality of their translation is and what the main problematic points are: whether it is the understanding of the text in general, finding suitable translational sol ution of the concepts or the style or understandability of the TL text. I expect the translation agencies to have problems with finding accurate translation solutions for some of the system-bound concepts, but I expect the translations to be accurate regarding the translation of the actual rights and obligations. Concrete hypotheses follow in Chapter 7. 2. Legal Language Legal language is not a language of everyday use by a population (unless, with a degree of understatement we want to call lawyers a population of a kind). It is a specialized language of legal norms and related discourse. Its distinctiveness may be seen in a number of characteristics that differentiate it from the language of ordinary use. But, there is no universal language of law that would be comprehensible to all languages. Law is a system that is bound to a particular state or organization. Language of law, its words, syntactic structure and concepts are closely related to the legal system in question. The relationship between the language and the law is mutual: the legal system influences the nature of the legal language and the legal language the language of the legal discourse influences the system. The speech of lawyers is conditioned not by the law alone, but also by the prevailing language of their environment (Mellinkoff 1963, 4). Language of law is a system- and culture-bound language for special purposes. This does not mean that the language of law is completely detached from the ordinary language. Most of its words are taken from the ordinary language. On the other hand, legal language influences everyday speech and many of its originally technical terms are now accepted as common. Mellinkoff (1963, 9) gives the examples of plaintiff or defendant in English; the same holds for the Czech sml ouva (contract) or zà ¡stava(pawn). In making generalizations about the language of law for the purpose of this thesis, the characteristics will be drawn from those of legal Czech and legal English. The legal systems in which these technical languages originated belong to different legal system families: English law (i.e. the law of England) is a part of the common law family whereas the Czech law is a member of the civil law family. 2.1 The Nature of Legal Language Cao (2007, 13-20) classifies legal language with respect to the nature of its use that can be described as normative, performative and technical. Normative The Language of law is used to impose rights and obligations; it is largely prescriptive. Laws basic function is to regulate human behaviour and human relations. Law exists as a set of prescriptions having the form of imperatives defining and enforcing the arrangements, relationships, procedures and patterns of behaviour that are to be followed in a society (Cao 2007, 12, quoting Jenkins 1980, 98). Legal language serves to communicate the legal norms to their addressees. Performative The speech act theory developed by J. L. Austin and J. R. Searle makes language responsible for effects in reality. Speech is not only words but also actions. By uttering certain words, we the facts may be changed. Legal effects and legal consequences are commonly obtained by merely uttering certain words (Cao 2007, 14), for example in a courts judgement or in front of a clerk or a priest during the marriage ceremony. Technical The question of technicality of legal language is not perceived consistently. One position argues that there is no legal language as such and it is a part of the ordinary language. The other holds that legal language is a technical language. If the latter view is accepted, what makes the language of law different from other types of language use?à The chief differences may be discussed in relation to the following aspects: speakers stylistic differences specific vocabulary terminology issues syntactic structures 2.2 Speakers The language of law is a language of legal norms and related discourse. The language of legal norms is that of legislation, judicial decisions or contracts. It is said that it is the language created and used specifically by lawyers. Although the lawyers form the core of the language-of-law-speaking community, legislation, for example, is influenced by people with no legal educational background, yet who adopt the legal terminology and expressions to a certain extent. Drawing on the situation in the civil law system, the circle of the legal language users may be described as follows: The legislators (the drafters who actually write the laws; members of the parliament, whose knowledge of all the terminology and concepts is not complete and sufficient but who try to sound as if it was), i.e. all those who create the laws in the written form and who have real influence on definitions of legal terms The judiciary (judges and people who influence the written judgements assistants to the judges or court clerks vyÃâ¦Ã ¡Ãâ¦Ã ¡Ã soudnà à ºÃâ¦Ã¢â ¢ednà ci) The lawyers (when negotiating, giving speeches in court, drafting documents etc.; and when talking to one another) The circle of the law language speakers in common law systems is generally the same. The major difference is that the origins of certain terms and the evolution of the language are somewhat different due to the different sources of law (the main body of legal rules is to be found in judicial decisions not in legislation). The type of speaker influences the particular style of the legal language: there is a difference between the language of an Act of Parliament (or zà ¡kon) and the language used by lawyers when talking to one another about legal matters. Nevertheless, at times the language the lawyers use does not seem to resemble the language of legislation at all. Lawyers seem to have developed some linguistic quirks that have little communicative function, and serve mainly to mark them as members of the legal fraternity (Tiersma 1999, 51).à 2.3 Style Language of law is said to be purposive and pragmatic (Knapp 1995, 122). Its style is therefore governed by these characters. There have been numerous attempts on defining ââ¬Ëstyle. One of them was made by Vilà ©m Mathesius. He defines style as ââ¬Å"individual, unifying character found to be present in any work resulting from intentional activityâ⬠(Vachek 1974, 114). Legal style refers to the linguistic aspects of the written legal language and also to the way in which legal problems are approached, managed and solved (Cao 2007, 22, quoting Smith 1995, 190). The style of the language of law is one of the functional styles. It is said to be marked and sometimes described as being a sub-style and the most typical specimen of the officialese style, the style of official documents (Vachek 1974, 187). On the other hand, in the last decades there have been authors who believed the style of the language of law to be a separate functional style alongside other functional styles, the officialese, or administrative, being one of them. The style of the language of law can be described mainly with regard t o its syntactical structure and specific vocabulary. 2.3.1 Syntactical Structure of the Language of Law Vachek (1974, 188) describes the sentences in English legal texts to be long and complex, yet clearly built up, using various typographical devices of distributing phrases, division of the text into parallel paragraphs and capitalizing certain crucial points of the document. When describing the typical features of legal English, Tiersma (1999, 51-71) gives the following list of typical features which overlap with Vacheks description at some points: lengthy and complex sentences, unusual sentence structure, wordiness and redundancy, conjoined phrases, frequent use of negation and impersonal constructions. Cao (2007, 22) gives two general characteristics of the legal language: impersonal constructions and extensive use of declarative sentences pronouncing rights and obligations. Mellinkoff (1963, 285) argues that the language of law should not be different from the ordinary language without reason. For such differences, the following rationales are usually given: legal language is more precise, shorter, more intelligible and more durable. Of these arguments, precision seems to be the leading feature of the language of law that should give reason to all the other features which are sometimes said to be its vices. These syntactical features are further discussed in relation to legal English and legal Czech respectively. 2.3.2 Lexis The most important difference that sets off legal language from ordinary language is its lexicon. Legal language makes use of numerous words and terms that are not common in ordinary language or carry an additional meaning different from their ordinary meaning. Legal language utilizes vocabulary from standard language both in their ordinary meanings (the majority of legal language vocabulary) and specialized meanings. This second class of words may create confusion because in legal texts they may appear in both their meanings ordinary and specialized. Knapp (1978, 17-20) distinguishes the following groups of words: legal terms words with specific legal meaning and specific meaning in another specialized language words with both specific legal meaning and ordinary meaning words having specific legal meaning, specific meaning in another specialized language as well as ordinary meaning words with neutral meaning In his later writing, Knapp (1995, 122) describes legal lexis as follows: words with ordinary meaning words with both specific legal meaning and ordinary meaning specific legal vocabulary legal language does not use some of the words with ordinary meaning (e.g. beauty, darkness) To complete the enumeration of characteristics of legal language, Mellinkoff (1963, 11) gives the following characteristics of legal English terms: frequent use of common words with uncommon meanings; legal archaisms (words from Old and Middle English, Old French and Anglo-Norman); terms of art; argot; formal words; use of expressions with flexible meanings. 3. Legal English Because of the nature of law, the language of law has developed particular linguistic features lexical, syntactic and pragmatic to meet the demands of law and to accommodate the idiosyncrasies of law and its applications (Cao 2007, 20). Legal English style and lexicon originate in various languages: Anglo-Saxon, Latin and/or French. Legal language was originally oral; any writings served only as a report of the oral ceremony (Tiersma 1999, 36). It took quite a long time to accept the written texts as authoritative. Formbooks were written and their main effect was conservation of legal language, its terminology and phraseology. Although the ritualistic and the magical has disappeared from law, it has not disappeared from the language of law. The main vices of legal English are said to be its wordiness and excessive use of archaic words and constructions. In the last 50 years legal English underwent significant changes, mainly due to the Plain English Movement, but certain specifics persist. 3.1 Style Legal style results from cultural and legal traditions. Its chief characteristics are impersonality, extensive use of declarative sentences, negative and passive constructions. Mellinkoff (1963, 24) says the language of law has a strong tendency towards certain mannerisms such as being wordy, unclear, pompous and dull. Legal texts tend to use number of words instead of one (e.g. annul and set aside instead of annul;or totally null and void instead of void). Sometimes, they seem to contain a great part of text that seems to be devoid of meaning (as Mellinkoff puts it) such as using metaphors. Pomposity in the language of law may take many shapes especially by using words evoking respect (e.g. solemn, supreme, wisely). Pomposity and wordiness, together with long complex sentences and a lack of clarity of expression contribute to the dullness of the legal language. It has been already mentioned that the nature of legal language is among others performative. As Cao (2007, 21) writes, legal utterances perform acts, creating facts, rights and/or institutions: they are speech acts. Their performative nature may be marked by special words such as hereby and various performative verbs such as declare, undertake, promise etc. 3.1.2 Syntax Legal language is highly formal and impersonal. This is achieved by passive constructions, complex and long sentences, multiple negations and prepositional phrases (e.g. in what follows, by virtue of which). Legal English is full of archaisms and this tendency may be seen in the syntax as well. The old-fashioned syntax still makes the legal text dense, though mainly thanks to the Plain English Movement there can no longer be found grammatical archaisms like the old ââ¬Ë-th endings (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 7) in legal texts. Slightly archaic tone is achieved by the use of certain prepositional phrases such as pursuant to (very often used in contracts) or subject to. A certain degree of sexism can also be found: e.g. judges calling judges of the same rank brethren. Although it is typical of legal language to consist of unusually long sentences, there is a specific area of it that is rather plain and surprisingly comprehensible. The first group is the syntax of statutes, contracts or pleadings; the second group is that of judicial summaries of particular facts of cases. Complexity of legal English documents may be seen in their layout, multiple subordination and postponement of the main verb until very late in the sentence (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 19). In legal texts such as statutes, contracts or handbooks containing procedural rules, many possible situations, factual scenarios and exceptions must be provided for (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 20) therefore the sentences are often conditional and contain hypothetical formulations. The illegibility of legal texts derives from the fact that originally legal texts were written from the far left side to the other side of the page to avoid the possibility of adding anything to the text. From this fact t he custom of avoiding punctuation is also derived: full stops, commas and semicolons may alter the meaning of the sentence. As Mellinkoff writes (1963, 367), lawyers are still reluctant to end a sentence, even though the old reasons for skimping punctuation are gone. 3.1.3 Lexis To deal with legal lexis it may be useful to systematize it. Alcaraz and Hughes (2002, 16-18) classify it as follows: 1. Functional items grammatical words and phrases that have no direct referents either in reality or conceptual; 2. Symbolic (or representational) items all the terms that refer to things or ideas in the world of reality. This group can be further divided into: purely technical terms, semi-technical terms and shared, common or ââ¬Å"unmarkedâ⬠vocabulary a) Purely technical terms: terms found exclusively in the legal sphere that have no application outside. They can be one-word terms (barrister) or whole phrases (bring an action). Some of the theorists argue that these terms are so closely related to the legal system that they cannot be translated, but only adapted. Therefore, a number of terms is often left untranslated (e.g. estoppel, trust) (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 17). b) Semi-technical or mixed terms: words or phrases that have acquired additional meaning in addition to their common meanings (issue, consideration). Their number is constantly growing to meet the developing needs of the society. c) Everyday vocabulary found in legal texts (paragraph, subject-matter). Legal English lexis especially the purely technical terms and semi-technical terms comes from various origins. Because legal English is a product of its history, various influences can be traced in contemporary legal language. The eldest part of the legal lexis is Anglo-Saxon such as bequeath, manslaughter, oath or writ.[2] Besides vocabulary, a typical Anglo-Saxon feature alliteration is to be found in legal English. Its usage is closely linked to the original magical nature of law but it can be still (and often) found in legal texts and seems to have acquired some kind of terminological value: rest, residue and remainder, to have and to hold, hold harmless etc. There are also Middle English words that nowadays survive only in legal language: aforesaid, thence, there- and here- words etc. (Mellinkoff 1963, 13). Despite the native origins of some of the most characteristic legal terms, legal English draws on numerous Latin or Latinized terms. There are dozens of phrases that still have their place in everyday legal discourse and because of their Roman Law origin they are often common to the Civil Law system as well (lex fori, bona fide, res iudicata, restitutio in integrum). Some of these phrases have their calque version that may be used alongside the Latin one (bona fide or good faith, mors civilis or civil death). Although numerous words of Latin, Anglo-Saxon or Viking origin may be found in legal English, it may be argued that the main influence for the development of legal language is to be attributed to Norman and later to French. French used to be once the language of the royal courts. Despite several attempts to return to legal English (for example the 1362 Statute of Pleading which although itself written in French forbade using French in lawsuits), French remained in use until 1731, when it was together with Latin banned from being used in legal proceedings. A vast amount of the most basic legal vocabulary is of French origin (appeal, complaint, evidence, judge, tort or verdict, and real law French words such as estoppel or alien in the sense of transfer). French influence may be also seen in some legal phrases following the French way of putting an adjective after the noun (attorney general, fee simple) or in creating neologisms by adding an -ee ending (lessee, condemnee) to a verb. From what has been just said might follow that legal English is not ââ¬Å"Englishâ⬠at all, especially when considering that the word law itself is derived from the Norse word for ââ¬Å"layâ⬠and means ââ¬Å"that which is laid downâ⬠. Although legal language seems to be very old-fashioned at first sight, lawyers can be quite creative when it suits their purposes (as Tiersma writes[5]) and can create neologisms such as palimony, zoning or hedonic damages. A special feature of legal English of Anglo-Saxon origin is the conjoined phrases or multinominal expressions. Some of them are alliterated as for example the rest, residue and remainder, some of them are not, such as last will and testament. These phrasesconsist of synonyms or near-synonyms. It has been argued that one of the justifications of such language behaviour is the never-ending quest for absolute precision. But as Mellinkoff says, this may not be the case: the phrase last will and testament is not as precise as plain will and when one of these words is used, the other is superfluous (Mellinkoff 1963, 331-332). Perhaps a more sound justification for the wordiness of legal English is derived from its adversarial nature. Tiersma says that ââ¬Å"virtually any legal document is liable, at some point in its existence, to be picked apart by an opponent eager to exploit a loophole or ambiguity in hopes of wiggling out of an agreement or contesting a will. The question arising when dealing with these conjoined phrases is whether they really present a redundant overflow of words or whether they constitute a special kind of term. But an answer to this question would be outside the scope of this thesis. 4. Legal Czech Legal language is a specialized language of legal texts (Tomà ¡Ãâ¦Ã ¡ek 2003, 25). It is the main means of communication within law as a legal system. Communication between the legislator and the addressees of legal norms is carried out solely by language. It is mostly a natural language (the exceptions being for example road signs) and a standard language. Knapp (1988, 95) argues that there are non-standard languages of law as well, such as the spoken language of judges, or legal slangs, such as the law students speak). Legal Czech can be distinguished from the ordinary Czech especially with respect to its style. Knapp (1995, 120) distinguishes between three varieties of legal Czech: Language of laws (language of legislation) Language of courts (decision making) Language of lawyers (language of legal representation) It is typical of legal Czech that it originates from the language of legal norms the language of legislation. Legal norms regulate social relationships: they state what should be done (prescriptive function) as well as what is (descriptive function). The language of judicial decisions and the language of lawyers are basically derived from the language of legal texts. 4.1 Style Knapp (1988, 96) argues that there may not be a unified legal style because there are recognizable stylistic differences between the language of legal texts, lawyers speak or the language of theoretical legal texts. Basic stylistic requirements of legal texts may be listed as follows: precision definiteness brevity comprehensibility/understandability stabilityà inexpressiveness purposiveness Some of the points of this list of basic requirements quoted by Tomà ¡Ãâ¦Ã ¡ek (2003, 28) are developed later. a) Precision and Definiteness Precision seems to be the most important legal language requirement, not only with respect to legal Czech but other legal languages as well. To ensure legal certainty and the principle of equality in law, law must state all the rights and obligations of its subjects exactly and without doubt. This does not mean that all the legal expressions must be absolutely exact and precise: legal Czech is full of vague words, words with flexible meanings. This vagueness may not be a flaw in precise legal language. Expressions such as mà ra pÃâ¦Ã¢â ¢imÃââ⬠ºÃâ¦Ã¢â ¢enà ¡ pomÃââ⬠ºrÃâ¦Ã ¯m (degree adequate to the circumstances), znaÃâà nà ¡ Ãâ¦Ã ¡koda (substantial loss), vÃââ⬠ºk blà zkà ½ vÃââ⬠ºku mladistvà ½m (an age close to the age of minors/juveniles), may be interpreted according to particular circumstances of the case. Relatively frequent use of these expressions in Czech legal texts may be explained by the nature of continental-system leg al norms. Czech legal norms (and continental legal norms in general) tend to be more general, often using vague expressions to leave their interpretation on courts. Common-law-system norms tend to be more casuistic and such vagueness of expression would be perceived as inadequate.à à à Unless used in legal theory and scientific legal writings, use of synonyms is forbidden. Although we may find such synonyms in the bulk of legal expressions, legislation usually chooses only one of them and keeps using it to avoid any misinterpretation. Here are some examples of such synonyms in legal Czech: zletilost plnoletost (legal age majority; only zletilost is a truly legal expression), zpÃâ¦Ã ¯sobilost k prà ¡vnà m à ºkonÃâ¦Ã ¯m svà ©prà ¡vnost (legal capacity; only the first expression is known to the legal texts)[7]. Contrary to the use of synonyms, the use of polysemes and homonyms is not that easily avoided. When such use is inevitable, the meaning of such expressions must be interpreted by context: nà ¡lez (finding) may refer to nà ¡lez ÃÅ¡stavnà ho soudu (Constitutional Courts ruling) or to nà ¡lez vÃââ⬠ºci opuÃâ¦Ã ¡tÃââ⬠ºnà © (finding of a derelict), zapoÃâà tenà (inclusion) may refer to zpÃâ¦Ã ¯sob zà ¡niku zà ¡vazku (a way of termination of an obligation), kompenzace (compensation) etc. b) Stability To regulate social relationships and to ensure legal certainty, legal terminology and style should be relatively stable. This does not mean that the meaning of the terms does not change from time to time. Stability means that one and the same term used in a legal text should denote one and the same thing (Knapp 1995, 125). It is typical of legal Czech to ââ¬Å"normalizeâ⬠certain words and phrases, to set firmly their meanings and way of usage (see for example Knapp 1978, 47-48). c) Comprehensibility/Understandability This requirement is closely connected to that of purposiveness and precision. Legal text should communicate its content clearly and without doubt to its addressees. The ideal of understandability is to make the addressee of the legal norm understand it in the same way as its creator (Knapp 1995, 126). In another work Knapp (1988, 99) argues that even people with no legal education are able to understand the text of a legal norm. The language of law is sometimes demonized but to understand the language of law in reality is not very difficult. The demand for popularization of legal language would suggest that people read legal texts on a daily basis: but this is not so. Whether we like it or not, law seems to be a complex system that has developed its terminology and to understand the law and its language needs a specialized education in the same way as medicine does. To simplify the language of law yes; to vulgarize it no. What people may not understand when reading a law or a contr act should be issues connected to law, not to language. 4.1.1 Lexis Legal Czech makes use of all classes of words except interjections. Words of various language origins are included: traditionally Latin, less often French and recently English. Legal Czech makes use of various Latin phrases which are even taught at law schools and are used relatively frequently in legal texts and in lawyers talk. These include phrases such as inter vivos (among the living), mortis causa (in case of death) or even whole sentences describing legal principles such as Ignorantia iuris neminem excusat (The ignorance of law does not excuse). With the growth of European Union legislation and numerous international contracts, English terms slowly find their way into legal Czech. Typically, these are words for which there is no Czech equivalent (due to the systemic differences, Chapter 5) and to avo Dale Edwardshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09990938296586257491noreply@blogger.com0