Nile Crocodile Facts (Crocodylus niloticus)

Nile Crocodile Facts (Crocodylus niloticus) The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is an enormous freshwater African reptile. It is liable for the most passings from any creature as a predator going after people, yet crocodiles serve a significant environmental capacity. The Nile crocodile eats cadavers that contaminate water and controls ruthless fish that could indulge littler fish utilized as food by numerous different species. Quick Facts: Nile Crocodile Logical Name: Crocodylus niloticusCommon Names: Nile crocodile, African crocodile, regular crocodile, dark crocodileBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 10-20 feetWeight: 300-1650 poundsLifespan: 50-60 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Freshwater wetlands of sub-Saharan AfricaPopulation: 250,000Conservation Status: Least Concern Depiction The Nile crocodile is the second-biggest reptile on the planet after the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Nile crocodiles have thick, defensively covered skin that is dim bronze with dark stripes and spots on the back, greenish-yellow side stripes, and yellow scales on the gut. Crocodiles have four short legs, long tails, and prolonged jaws with cone shaped teeth. Their eyes, ears, and nostrils are on the head. Guys are about 30% bigger than females. Normal size extents somewhere in the range of 10 and 20 feet long and somewhere in the range of 300 to 1,650 pounds in weight. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1auiW6tDkTDxii3Ci6RZStgMktM=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-200018635-001-d79d321d488d4f13921b919e8b2a31b9.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/NHlxgFtjHekMAW_GwYDYKoh3Acc=/754x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-200018635-001-d79d321d488d4f13921b919e8b2a31b9.jpg 754w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/KGB2CCZuY848UqNgu1_rkXSwNWo=/1208x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-200018635-001-d79d321d488d4f13921b919e8b2a31b9.jpg 1208w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/jT0ClrXL_rVl1EAHZHbb7wabt4Q=/2116x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-200018635-001-d79d321d488d4f13921b919e8b2a31b9.jpg 2116w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/udlb_JO03joG2Hu6Ucx0dKHHqiI=/2116x1416/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-200018635-001-d79d321d488d4f13921b919e8b2a31b9.jpg src=//:0 alt=Crocodile conveying youthful in her mouth class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-6 information following container=true /> A Nile crocodile may convey her young in her mouth or on her back. Gallo Images-Roger De La Harpe/Getty Images Natural surroundings and Distribution The Nile crocodile is local to Africa. It lives in freshwater bogs, swamps, lakes, streams, and waterways of sub-Saharan Africa, the Nile bowl, and Madagascar. It is an intrusive species in Florida, however it is obscure whether the populace is imitating. In spite of the fact that it is a freshwater animal types, the Nile crocodile has salt organs and in some cases enters bitter and marine waters. Diet and Behavior Crocodiles are zenith predators that chase creatures up to twice their size. Youthful crocodiles eat spineless creatures and fish, while bigger ones may take any creature. They likewise feed on cadavers, different crocodiles (counting individuals from their own species), and in some cases organic product. Like different crocodilians, they ingest stones as gastroliths, which may help digest food or go about as counterweight. Crocodiles are trap predators that trust that prey will go in close vicinity to run, lurch at the objective, and dive into it to drag it into water to suffocate, pass on from abrupt whipping developments, or be destroyed with assistance from different crocodiles. Around evening time, crocodiles may leave the water and trap go after land. The Nile crocodile goes through the vast majority of the day incompletely uncovered in shallow water or lolling ashore. Crocodiles may relax with open mouths to forestall overheating or as a danger show for different crocodiles. Propagation and Offspring Nile crocodiles arrive at sexual development somewhere in the range of 12 and 16 years old, when guys are around 10 feet 10 inches in length and females are somewhere in the range of 7 and 10 feet in length. Develop guys breed each year, while females just variety once every a few years. Guys pull in females by making commotions, slapping their noses in water, and cleaning out water out through their noses. Guys may fight different guys for reproducing rights. Females lay eggs a month or two in the wake of reproducing. Settling can happen whenever of year, yet will in general correspond with the dry season. The female dives a home in the sand or soil a few feet from the water and stores somewhere in the range of 25 and 80 eggs. The warmth of the dirt broods the eggs and decides the sex of the posterity, with guys just coming about because of temperatures between 89  °F and 94  °F. The female watches the home until the eggs bring forth, which takes around 90 days. Close to the furthest limit of the brooding time frame, the youthful make shrill twitters to make the female aware of uncover the eggs. She may utilize her mouth to enable her posterity to bring forth. After they have brought forth, she may convey them in her mouth to water. While she watches her posterity for as long as two years, they chase their own food following incubating. In spite of her consideration, just about 10% of the eggs get by to incubating and 1% of hatchlings arrive at development. Mortality is high on the grounds that the eggs and youthful are nourishment for some different species. In imprisonment, Nile crocodiles live 50 to 60 years. They may have a possible life expectancy of 70 to 100 years in nature. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/XrTVvgrslq78K6RTSaPs8TSJ5Hk=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90795274-855d37fd54374639a4d84d9194914fd2.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/wEd-DDMoCAof0HgfYD-iJcBavuM=/773x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90795274-855d37fd54374639a4d84d9194914fd2.jpg 773w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/VAvtUUStqxlAATJwVHaxsCW8aPk=/1246x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90795274-855d37fd54374639a4d84d9194914fd2.jpg 1246w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LWzWOJdwxTEHEJX8l_aXxKUh49w=/2194x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90795274-855d37fd54374639a4d84d9194914fd2.jpg 2194w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/lLrq-DGofu_U5JUW6Kqstvft88I=/2194x1366/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90795274-855d37fd54374639a4d84d9194914fd2.jpg src=//:0 alt=Baby Nile crocodiles incubating from eggs class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-24 information following container=true /> A Nile crocodile has an egg tooth that it uses to help incubate from an egg. hphimagelibrary/Getty Images Preservation Status The Nile crocodile confronted elimination during the 1960s. Today, the IUCN arranges the species preservation status as least concern. Notwithstanding, Nile crocodile numbers are diminishing. Refers to records the Nile crocodile under Appendix I (undermined with elimination) all through the majority of its range. Scientists gauge 250,000 to 500,000 people live in nature. Crocodiles are secured in part of their range and are brought up in imprisonment. Dangers The species faces different dangers to its endurance, including living space misfortune and discontinuity, chasing for meat and cowhide, poaching, contamination, ensnarement in angling nets, and abuse. Intrusive plant species likewise represent a danger, as they change the temperature of crocodile settles and keep eggs from bring forth. Nile Crocodiles and Humans Crocodiles are cultivated for their cowhide. In the wild, they have a notoriety for being man-eaters. The Nile crocodile along with the saltwater crocodile kills hundreds or now and then a large number of individuals every year. Females with homes are forceful, in addition to huge grown-ups chase people. Field scientists trait the high number of assaults to a general absence of alert around crocodile-involved regions. Studies demonstrate arranged land the board and government funded instruction could decrease human-crocodile struggle. Sources Crocodile Specialist Group 1996. Crocodylus niloticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996: e.T46590A11064465. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T46590A11064465.enDunham, K. M.; Ghiurghi, A.; Cumbi, R. Urbano, F. Humanâ€wildlife struggle in Mozambique: a national viewpoint, with accentuation on natural life assaults on people. Oryx. 44 (2): 185, 2010. doi:10.1017/S003060530999086XThorbjarnarson, J. Fake tears and skins: universal exchange, monetary requirements, and cutoff points to the economical utilization of crocodilians. Preservation Biology. 13 (3): 465â€470, 1999. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.00011.xWallace, K. M. A. J. Leslie. Diet of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Diary of Herpetology. 42 (2): 361, 2008. doi:10.1670/07-1071.1Wood, Gerald. The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Real Publishing Co Inc., 1983. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.

“A Martian Sends A Postcard Home” by Craig Raine Essay

In â€Å"A Martian Sends a Postcard Home,† Craig Raine utilizes numerous analogies to depict what a Martian would check whether he came to earth. In the primary refrain Raine utilizes similitudes to depict what a Martian may think a book resembles. Raine makes reference to William Caxton, who was the first to print books in England, in the main verse; â€Å"Caxtons are mechanical flying creatures with numerous wings/and some are loved for their markings. A book would look like a feathered creature when opened, the wings being the numerous pages, and numerous books have denoted a spot in history or is treasured by the individual understanding it. In the following four lines the Martian watches the various feelings one may have while perusing a â€Å"mechanical bird,† and despite the fact that he’s never saw one really flying, which is unimaginable, he sees that they are some of the time in someone’s hand. In verses five and six the Martian is attempting to clarify haze. â€Å"Rain is the point at which the earth is TV/It has the property of making hues darker,† meaning when the hues are changed on a TV the image would look hazy, and shady even. Raine essentially depicts a vehicle as a â€Å"Model T,† in the following two verses. Disclosing a vehicle to be â€Å"a live with the lock inside,† is an extremely inventive allegory. By composing â€Å"But time is attached to the wrist/or kept in a container, ticking with impatience,† Raine is communicating that the Martian is experiencing a watch or a clock. In verses ten through twelve the Martian has happened upon a phone, which he depicts as a â€Å"haunted apparatus,† which normally â€Å"sleeps,† and cries, or rings until it is gotten. Raine additionally adds the component of cleverness to the sonnet, a model is in the twelfth refrain when he composes, â€Å"And yet they wake it up/purposely, by tickling with a finger.† The Martian accepts that people â€Å"tickle† the keypad with their fingers, when they’re making a call. â€Å"A discipline room/with water however nothing to eat,† is a restroom. The Martian sees that â€Å"Only the youthful are permitted to endure openly,† which is truly when I kid would get their diaper changed, and grown-ups must be distant from everyone else when they go to the â€Å"punishment room.† Finally, in the last two refrains the Martian is portraying the evening time routine of people, â€Å"At night when all the hues pass on/they cover up two by two/and read about themselves/in shading, with their eyes shut,† at the end of the day by the day's end people shut their eyes to nod off and dream. This sonnet utilizes a numerous illustrations to portray what a Martian wouldâ encounter on the off chance that he visited Earth. The sonnet is fascinating to peruse in light of the fact that it requires the peruser to utilize their creative mind, the peruser must think so as to make sense of these regular things the Martian is seeing just because, it’s to some degree a brainteaser. It’s evident that the Martian is seeing these things just because, it makes the peruser wonder why a straightforward thing, for example, a watch or a clock isn't found on his planet, is time immaterial were he’s from?

Innovation and Business Development of Vodafone-Free-Samples

Questions: 1.Explain the various attributes that make Vodafone a fruitful and inventive organization. 2.Evaluate the methodology embraced by the organization for the usage of this new innovation and the progress that occurred and examine its prosperity factors. 3.Choose one of the organizations situated in your nation of habitation (or some other organization) known for its creative methodologies, and expand on the principle factors that energize advancement in this organization. Answers: Vodafone immediately picked up notoriety in the Egyptian market inferable from the purchaser driven methodology of the business. The organization is currently the main association in the market. The plan of action of Vodafone depends on the offer and this empowers the organization to accept development as a significant part of development and extension. The organization works in the media transmission industry and with the progression of innovation the organization has soaked up to the progressions and the patterns in the business. With the assistance of market investigation, the organization finishes up the adjustments in the business and starts the adjustment all the while. So as to achieve the adjustments in the market the organization consolidates the methodology of development. Advancement is the improvement in a thought and any association that depends on innovation needs to advance so as to meet the necessities of the client. The purchaser centered quality of the vital administration helps the organization gadgets approaches and plans such that will consent to the necessities and prerequisites (Souto, 2015). The organization has development approach in the item and administrations as well as during the time spent the business. Along these lines, the organization additionally empowers a development driven work culture in the association which helps the representatives and the administration to think in an inventive manner. Throughout the years the organization has utilized a few arrangements and activities to urge the representatives and to put resources into the procedure of innovative work (can et al., 2014). The organization utilizes the of ITIL philosophy (The Information Technology Infrastructure Library) so as to give the clients proficient and immaculate administrations. This innovation encourages the organization to improve profitability and offer better types of assistance to the clients. The organization centers around improving the span of network and offering better types of assistance to the clients so as to do so the organization puts resources into innovative work divisions. The administration of the organization is additionally founded on transformational initiative style, which rouses and supports changes among the workers and moves the representatives to adjusting the enthusiasm to the destinations of the association (Roco Bainbridge, 2013). ERP or venture Resource Planning is one of the key parts required by an organization to keep every one of its information at a typical spot and access them when it is essential. The Enterprise Resource Planning programming or SAP ERP that was created by Vodafone is known as EVO, which is a short type of development. Many key business segments were related inside the product framework with the goal that the progression of framework turns out to be simple. SalesDistribution, Financial management,human capital administration andcorporate Services were totally coordinated inside the framework with the goal that they can be gotten to by the individual who requires the data at any pointy of time at wherever on the planet. Anyway there was get to gave to every one of the individual as far as power and just the approved individual could get to. The change was viewed as the companys biggest ever business change. After the reconciliation of the product in the arrangement of Vodafone preparing was given to the workers for 3 weeks by the specialists who built up the product framework (Amin et al., 2016). The workers required around 3 months for completely settling with the procedure anyway the settlement was smooth and after it was finished the business procedure got minimized, security expanded and the global branches were conveying much easily with one another. To assess the entire procedure of the reconciliation of the new programming framework into the business procedure of Vodafone it must be said that the all out arranging of acquainting the product with the consummation of the preparation was all around arranged and the product was fruitful in accomplishing its ideal outcomes particle mix of the business. 3.One of the most advancements driven organization in the worldwide market is Amazon Inc. There are a portion of the fundamental likenesses if Vodafone and Amazon: right off the bat the organizations are innovation based however they work in discrete enterprises, alongside these both the companys business approach is purchaser driven. The administration of these association centers around the necessities and prerequisites of the buyers to build up their items and benefits and join advancement during the time spent turn of events. The primary factors that empower development in Amazon are: Administration: the initiative style that is seen in the association is a blend of transformational and visionary style. The CEO of the organization is Jeff Bezos and the methodologies that are taken by the organization depend on the farsightedness of his conduct and the necessities and prerequisites of the shopper (can et al., 2014). The business where the organization works prompts the administration to have an imaginative methodology in the advancement of the items and administrations, innovation driven association have the extent of progress with development as innovation is dynamic in the business condition is continually advancing. Another factor that supports advancement in the association is the speculation of the organization on innovative work (Roco Bainbridge, 2013). The organization is buyer driven and this has been built up by the CEO a few times in different meetings. In this way the organization centers around the developing purchaser drifts in the business and attempts to enhance both in the item just as in process. The kind of advancement that is followed in the organization is troublesome in nature, for instance: Disruptive development is the possibility of development which has the capability of supplanting existing thoughts in the market. As per Christensen et al. (2015), the association that can make troublesome development thought can utilize the procedure to guarantee upper hand in the business (Souto, 2015). The organization has recently propelled the idea of Amazon Go, which is a venture that the organization has made in another market (physical retail industry). The advancement in the process is the innovation that has been utilized to develop the store. The thought is making shopping for food bother free. The organization has introduced innovation that will permit the client to stroll in and leave the store without paying physical cash or holding up in the line. This is troublesome in nature as there are various rivalries in the physical retail showcase however there is not at all lik e the store position and the innovation of Amazon Go (Amazon.com, 2018) Reference list: Amazon.com (2018). Amazon Go. [online] amazon.com. Accessible at: https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8node=16008589011 [Accessed 26 April. 2018]. Amazon.com (2018). Our Innovations. [online] amazon.com. Accessible at: https://www.amazon.com/p/include/tv76jef8gz289rm [Accessed 26 April. 2018]. Amin Azab, N., El Sheik, Y., Moharram, An., Ibrahim, B., Yehia, N. (2016). A vital utilization of innovation: instance of Vodafone Egypt.Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies,6(3), 1-16. Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., McDonald, R. (2015). What is problematic advancement. Harvard Business Review, 93(12), 44-53. can, . F., Ersar?, G., Naktiyok, A. (2014). Impact of administration style on apparent authoritative execution and advancement: the job of transformational initiative past the effect of value-based leadershipan application among Turkish SME's. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 881-889. Roco, M. C., Bainbridge, W. S. (2013). The new universe of disclosure, creation, and advancement: assembly of information, innovation, and society. Diary of nanoparticle inquire about, 15(9), 1946. Souto, J. E. (2015). Plan of action development and business idea advancement as the setting of steady development and radical advancement. The travel industry Management, 51, 142-155.

Essay Scholarships Samples Free Reviews & Tips

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James Baldwin Essay - 1485 Words

For The World to See James Baldwin was a man who wrote an exceptional amount of essays. He enticed audiences differing in race, sexuality, ethnic background, government preference and so much more. Each piece is a circulation of emotions and a teeter-totter on where he balances personal experiences and worldly events to the way you feel. Not only did he have the ability to catch readers’ attention through writing, but he also appeared on television a few times. Boston’s local public television station WGBH, under the leadership of Hartford Gunn, presented an array of educational and cultural programming. Similar to an earlier interview, in a 1963 taping of â€Å"The Negro and the American Promise,† Baldwin is†¦show more content†¦An incident such as this shows that even though Baldwin was not apart of that group, whites assumed that African Americans of any age were all the same. Baldwin reminisces of his childhood as describing activities frequently pursued as a young boy. They used to play on the roof, and some kind of garbage dump near the river. In the interview Baldwin tells us that he had been morally raised by his father, whose relation to the church was very direct, and admits that the solitary place to express pain was in the church. But now, and in the mid-twentieth century, the living conditions and attitudes of whites towards blacks has significantly worsened. It is evident as Baldwin proclaims, â€Å"the moral authority which was present in the Negro Northern community when I was growing up has vanished, and people talk about progress, and I look at Harlem†¦and it is much worse there today than it was when I was growing up† that indeed the well-being and living situations had decreased (â€Å"The Negro† 1). 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Kids began to form bad habits thatRead MoreEssay on James Baldwin1907 Words   |  8 PagesJennifer Oast MWF 2:00-2:50 February 10, 2012 James A. Baldwin James A. Baldwin, a homosexual African-American novelist, was once quoted saying that the most dangerous creation of any society is the man who has nothing to lose. What it means is that society’s chief concern should be a person who has absolutely nothing to lose by always sticking to their beliefs, yet everything to gain. James Baldwin embodies that quote to the absolute fullest. Not only did he push the boundaries

Essay about A Fat Tax Economic Costs of Obesity are High

Todays world is full of modern conveniences. Communication is at the touch of a button, you can drive right to the window and get handed a greasy, hot meal, and even walking has become bothersome. Trying to find that spot closest to the door is worth driving around the lot five times. Kids play more in virtual reality than outdoors, and parents who are strapped for time settle on quick, processed meals for dinner. Unfortunately, weve created an environment fit for the lazy. Instead of having to preform physical activities to function throughout the day, we must find time for physical activity, which might not be realistic for everyone. The fast food industry and quick processed dinners feed the consumer with no time for exercise, and the†¦show more content†¦For example, a person could weigh 200 lbs at 5 feet and their BMI would be 39.1, while obesity is a BMI of 30 and above. But what if that person were a short body builder? BMI doesnt take into account the weight of musc le or bone density. Body shape is also of some importance; if someone has 50 extra pounds in their thighs they are at less risk for heart disease than someone with 50 extra pounds in their waist. Visceral fat, or fat located directly around the organs, is linked to many risk factors including insulin resistance. 26 million people in America have diabetes, and 90% - 95% of those are type two. According to the American Diabetes Association, 85.2% of people with type two diabetes are overweight. Economic costs of obesity are increasing and will continue to do so if nothing is done. Healthy Communities for A Healthy Future state that the estimated annual health care costs related to obesity are 190 billion dollars. This is 21% of total health care costs. This includes direct costs, such as preventive and treatment services, while indirect costs include income lost to days debilitated or future income lost to death. On an individual level, an obese person will cost 42% more in health car e than a person of healthy weight. A tax directly related to products known to cause obesity would offset the cost of health care, and hopefully result in less obesity in the Nation. Deciding which foods would be taxed is a difficult process.Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Obesity Among The United Kingdom Government1209 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Obesity has become an extremely concerning problem seriously needing to be addressed by the United Kingdom government. Some argue that a tax increase on unhealthy food should be implemented by the government in order to increase health levels across the UK, particularly those of children- for whom the current nationwide obesity problem is the most worrying. However, it is not certain whether implementing this tax will be economically viable. 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Occupational Health And Safety Law Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Occupational Health And Safety Law. Answer: Issue 1 The issue which has to be addressed in this case is to identify to identify the legal position of Vinod that he is an employee or an independent contractor. If he is an employee what are the compensations which he is entitled to. Rules In order to determine the compensation to be paid to a person it has to be analyzed that he works in the capacity of an employee or an independent contractor. The relationship between an employee and an independent contractor is determined through the use of legislations as well as commonlaw tests provided through various tests. The major legislation dealing with the relationship between employee and employer in Australia is the Fair Work Act 2009. The Independent Contractors Act 2006 and the Fair Work Act 2009 set out the entitlements and the rights of contractors and employees in Australia. There are various factors on which the differences between an contractor and employee is based on. A single factor cannot determine whether a person is a contractor or an employee. The totality of the relation is analyzed by the courts looking at each case in order to determine the employment status of a person. A few common factors for the purpose of determining whether a person is an independent contractor or employee are as follows. Degree of control on how the work is to be performed: the work which is performed by an employee is totally under the control and direction of the employer on a regular basis. An independent contractor has a high degree of control over the work done by them. Hours of work: an employee mostly has set hours of work which can have flexible timing. The hours of a casual employee may vary from week to week. On the other hand the contract decides on what hours the work which has been provided to him has to be completed. Risks: An employee has no financial risk during the course of employment as the risks are covered by the employer. On the other hand an independent contractor bears the risk associated with making profits or incurring losses on every task. The liability of poor work is also borne by the contractor along with any injury sustained while doing the task. Therefore the contractors have a personal insurance policy. Superannuation: an employee has the right to receive superannuation which is paid into a nominated fund by the employer. On the other hand contractors pay their own superannuation however they may have the right to superannuation funds in certain cases. Equipments and tools: generally an employee is provide equipments and tools by the employer or else they are given a tool allowance. On the other hand contractors use their own equipments and tools. Alternative arrangements may also be made within the contract or services. Tax: The income taxes off the employees are deducted by their employers whereas the contractors pay their own GST and tax to the ATO. Method of payment: employees are paid regularly such as weekly, fortnightly or monthly. On the other hand the contractor has ABN and an invoice is submitted by him when the work is completed or he is paid directly after completion. Leave: an employee is entitled to leaves which are paid such as annual leave and long services leave or right to a loading instead of leave entitlements such as in case of casual employees. However a contractor is not entitled to any paid leaves. In the case of Comcare v PVYW[2013]HCA 41 it had been ruled by the high court that the employers would be liable for injuries which have been sustained by the employees during the course of employment. However such compensation does not extend to sexual encounters faced by employees during work trips. In the case of Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 44 it was held by the high court that a bicycle courier who was paid in accordance to the number of successful deliveries made, but was provided a uniform by the company and was also told when to work and how much money to take and did not have supply to any expensive equipment was based on thecommon law business integration test an employee. Application In this case it has been provided that Vinod is a university student who is a part time worker for Yum Yum pizzas. He has been provided with particular shifts with strict commencements which does not have any specified finishing time. He also has been supplied with a uniform by the pizza company. He is required to wear such uniform at the time of delivering pizzas. He has not been provided with any vehicle by the company for such delivery and uses his own bicycle for the operations. A tool in form of an heat retaining panniers have also been provided by the company to ensures the pizza are hot. He is paid fee according to the deliveries. In the given situation it can been seen that it is not clear that whether he is an independent contractor or an employee as no clear idea can be obtained through his employment term. However as discussed above no single term can be used to determine the employment status and it has to be analyzed in accordance to the overall contract. According to the principles of the Vabo case which has similar situation related to that of Vinod it can be said that the Vinod is an employee of the pizza company as he has also been given a uniform, uses his own equipments, is paid per delivery and is told when to work by the company. According to the principles of the Comcare case Vinod is entitled to compensation from the Yum Yum pizza as he has been injured during the course of employment. Conclusion Vindo is an employee of the company and is entitled to compensation from Yum Yum pizza. Issue 2 Is Penelope entitled to compensation, if so who is liable to pay such compensation Rules It has already been established in the above discussion that Vinod is an employee of Yum Yum Pizzas. According to the principles of vicarious liability an employer is liable for the action of their employees. The commonlaw principles is established in Australia if two elements are provides. Firstly, there must be a relationship between the wrongdoer and the person to be held vicariously liable. The person must have a degree of control over the working of the wrongdoer. The wrongful action must have been committed in the course of employment. The fact that such act was not authorized by the employer does not have any effect on his position to be held liable for the actions of the employee as provided by the case of Pioneer Mortgage Services Pty Ltd v Columbus Capital Pty Ltd [2016] FCAFC 78. In this case both the employee and the employer are jointly and severally liable. However in Australia the employee may not have any right to recover the loss from the employee for negligence. The concept of negligence arises when a person has a duty of care towards another. It was first provided in Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 522. The duty has to be breached and harm has to be suffered by the other person because of such breach in duty. Any harm which is caused due to the negligent act has to be compensated by the wrong doer. However there is a specific defense which a wrongdoer may use in case of a claim for negligence. The defense is known as contributory negligence. Whether a person has made a contribution towards his injury or not is assessed using the same principles which are used for analyzing a negligent activity. In case of contributory negligence the partial or whole claim for negligence can be defeated. The concept had been used in the case of Podrebersek v Australian Iron and Steel [1985] HCA 34. Whether a duty of care is there or not is seen through the application of the neighbors principle provided by the Donoghue v Stevenson case. Whether the duty has been violated is seen by making a reasonable person in same situation and comparing the original action to his actions. The harm is caused by the breach is analyzed by the but for test which means that whether the injury would have happened if there was no negligence. Application In this case it has been already established that Vinod is an employee of the pizza company. As per the principles of vicarious liability if it is established that vindo has been negligent towards Penelope than the pizza company would be held liable to pay compensation to Penelope. This is because the act was done during the course of employment as Vinod was going to deliver a pizza. Even if he had collected alcohol during in between his shift the accident took place when he was actually going to deliver a pizza. In addition it has been discussed above that even if authority is provided by the employer he can be liable for the actions of his employees during the course of employment. Thus Yum Yum Pizza would be liable if it is established that Vinod was negligent towards Penelope. Coming to the accident it has been provided clearly that Vindo was paddling in excess of the speed limits as he was getting late. According to the neighbor principles he has duty of care to any pedestrian as his negligence could have caused them harm. A reasonable person would have not been paddling in excess of the speed limit. In addition if he would have paddled in a normal way he could have avoided the accident. The injury to Penelope would not have been caused if there was no negligence. Thus a claim for negligence is established. However, as discussed above contributory negligence can be used as a defense by a wrongdoer. In this case thus it would be analyzed that whether Penelope was himself negligent towards the injury or not. It is provided in the scenario that Penelope was intoxicated and knowingly played chicken with the traffic. A reasonable person in the same situation would not have done so. If this was not the case injury would have been avoided easily. Thus he is contributory negligent and the claim for compensation would be reduced or defeated as decided by the court Conclusion Penelope can claim compensation from Yum Yum Pizza but is likely to have the compensation proportionate according to the principles of contributory negligence. References Comcare v PVYW[2013]HCA 41 Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 522 Fair Work Act 2009 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 44 Pioneer Mortgage Services Pty Ltd v Columbus Capital Pty Ltd [2016] FCAFC 78 Podrebersek v Australian Iron and Steel [1985] HCA 34 The Independent Contractors Act 2006